Faglige interesser
Mine faglige hovedinteresser er palestinsk voldelig og ikke-voldelig motstandskamp, palestinsk statsbygging og internetts påvirkning i Midtøsten. Doktorgradsavhandlingen min (veiledet av Dag Henrik Tuastad og Thomas Hegghammer) undersøkte utviklingen til Palestinsk islamsk jihad (PIJ) og dens rolle i den palestinske motstandskampen. Jeg studerte bevegelsens historie og utvikling for å se hvordan bevegelsen har endret og tilpasset seg i tråd med de skiftende periodene i og utenfor Palestina.
Bakgrunn
- Forsker, Universitetet i Oslo (2022- )
- Tilknyttet forsker, Sciences Po (2022- )
- Postdoktor, Sciences Po (2020-2022)
- Doktorgradsstipendiat, Universitetet i Oslo (2016-2020)
- Forskningsassistent, Forsvarets forskningsinstitutt (2015-2016)
- Mastergrad i arabisk, Universitetet i Oslo (2015)
- Bachelorgrad i arabisk, Universitetet i Bergen (2013)
- Palestine and Arab Studies, Birzeit University (2012/2013)
Priser og stipender
Verv
Bøker
Jeg er forfatter av følgende bøker:

Emneord:
Midtøsten,
Palestina,
Israel,
SIMS,
Palestinsk Islamsk Jihad
Publikasjoner
Utvalgte bøker
Skare, Erik. A History of Palestinian Islamic Jihad: Faith, Awareness, and Revolution in the Middle East. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021.
Skare, Erik. Palestinian Islamic Jihad: Islamist Writings on Religion and Resistance. London: I.B.Tauris, 2021.
Skare, Erik (2016). Digital Jihad: Palestinian Resistance in the Digital Era. London: Zed Books.
Utvalgte artikler/bokkapitler
Skare, Erik. "La Palestine s’est-elle islamisée?” I Araborama. Ce que la Palestine apporte au monde. Redigert av Bertrand Badie, Christophe Ayad & Leyla Dakhli. Paris : Éditions du Seuil [kommende mars 2023].
Skare, Erik og Stéphane Lacroix. "Les 4 R de la Déradicalisation." I Politiques de Deradicalisation. Redigert av Juliette Galonnier, Stéphane Lacroix og. Nadia Marzouki. Paris: Presses de Sciences Po [kommende september 2022].
Skare, Erik. "Affluent and Well-Educated? Analyzing the Socio-Economic Backgrounds of Fallen Palestinian Islamist Militants." The Middle East Journal 76, no. 1 (2022): 72-92.
Skare, Erik. "Controlling the State in the Political Theory of Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad." Religions 12, no. 1010 (2021): 1-12.
Skare, Erik. "Insulated Eruptions of Discontent: Palestinian Protests in the Absence of Trusted Organisations." Contemporary Levant (2021). Online first: 09.09.21.
Skare, Erik (2018). "Digital Surveillance/Militant Resistance: Categorizing the “Proto-state Hacker.” Television and New Media 20, no. 7 (2018): 670-685.
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(2022).
Affluent and Well-Educated? Analyzing the Socio-Economic Backgrounds of Fallen Palestinian Islamist Militants.
The Middle East Journal.
ISSN 0026-3141.
76(1),
s. 72–92.
doi:
10.3751/76.1.14.
Vis sammendrag
Existing literature argues that the militants and suicide bombers of the Islamic Resistance Movement (Hamas) and Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) come from relatively advantaged socioeconomic and educational backgrounds compared to the average Palestinian in the Occupied Palestinian Territories. Analyzing 2,448 martyr biographies from Hamas's military wing and PIJ from 1992 to 2012, I argue that these militants reflect Palestinian labor divisions and educational enrollment rates. There is thus little to suggest that Palestinian Islamist militants are recruited from any particular socioeconomic stratum within the wider population. I demonstrate that, instead, kinship and geographic clusters are more significant variables.
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(2021).
Controlling the State in the Political Theory of Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad .
Religions.
ISSN 2077-1444.
12(11),
s. 1–12.
doi:
10.3390/rel12111010.
Vis sammendrag
Existing scholarship has largely focused on the violence of Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) when analyzing their response to the Oslo Agreement and the establishment of the Palestinian National Authority (PA) in the 1990s. The Islamist opposition’s contribution to Palestinian political thought has largely been ignored, however, although the prospects of Palestinian self-rule confronted the two movements with fundamental questions about social organization, governance, and the permissibility of democracy. I offer an analysis of key Hamas and PIJ texts from this period to demonstrate that Hamas and PIJ fundamentally differ in their analysis of the state and the organization of just society. While Hamas outlines a state-centric approach to governance through which Islamic values are enforced from above, PIJ perceives the state to be the greatest threat to the just organization of society. This article consequently dispels the myth that the two Palestinian Islamist movements had no significant ideological differences in the 1990s. View Full-Text
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(2021).
Insulated eruptions of discontent: Palestinian protests in the absence of trusted organisations.
Contemporary Levant.
ISSN 2058-1831.
doi:
10.1080/20581831.2021.1972571.
Vis sammendrag
In this article, I argue that the so-called ‘intifada of knives’ in 2015–2016 was not a new phenomenon in the Palestinian resistance. Instead, it paralleled the situation in Gaza in the mid-1980s when Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) members engaged in similar attacks. What both periods share is the absence of efficient organisational vehicles facilitating a more durable form of collective resistance. This was the case in the mid-1980s because PIJ was yet to develop the effective organisational structures required to facilitate the resistance its members desired, and this was also the case in 2015–2016 because Palestinian youth are largely disillusioned with Palestinian political factions and traditional party politics as arenas to implement change. As these and similar outbursts of violence offer few, or no, principles for political organising for those who follow, what marked the wave of stabbings in the mid-2010s was not the fury with which they were carried out, but rather the rapidity of their collapse. I thus argue that certain organisational principles are required to sustain and prolong any popular protests for a sufficient period.
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(2018).
Digital Surveillance/Militant Resistance: Categorizing the “Proto-state Hacker”
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Television & New Media.
ISSN 1527-4764.
20(7),
s. 670–685.
doi:
10.1177/1527476418793509.
Vis sammendrag
Rapid developments in digital infrastructure have made all-encompassing surveillance all too possible. However, the same infrastructure has simultaneously enabled the use of new possibility spaces that react to, shape, and resist these structures of control and surveillance. The Israel/Palestine conflict is no different, and Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) has created an electronic unit with hackers to circumvent and resist the Israeli matrix of control and its surveillance. I argue that out of this dialectical relationship in Palestine, between new possibility spaces of resistance and structures of control, new phenomena arise in the gray area between the nation state hacker and the hacktivist as PIJ emulates the features of a modern state army. To understand the nature of its electronic unit, one must take this dialectic into account by introducing the category, “proto-state hacker.”
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Anderson, Jedidiah; Skare, Erik & Dorroll, Courtney
(2018).
Nothing to Hide, Nothing to Fear? Tools and Suggestions for Digital Data Protection.
The Qualitative Report (TQR).
ISSN 1052-0147.
Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
Vis sammendrag
The developing cyber-infrastructure has provided new tools, methods, and opportunities to conduct research. However, the Snowden leaks and subsequent developments proved that the same infrastructure has made all-encompassing surveillance possible – posing new challenges for researchers when engaging with those they are obligated to protect. As the cyber-infrastructure simultaneously opens up new possibility-spaces for circumventing structures of surveillance, while drawing on the authors’ own experiences, this article presents a number of tools and suggestions that will aid the researcher to engage more responsibly and safely with the research subject digitally.
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Maktabi, Rania; Skare, Erik & Sogge, Erling Lorentzen
(2018).
Forord som redaktør for spesialnummer av Babylon -
Nordisk tidsskrift for Midtøstenstudier: "Stat, statsborgerskap og territorialitet" - Festskrift for Nils A. Butenschøn 70 år.
Babylon - Nordisk tidsskrift for Midtøstenstudier.
ISSN 1503-5727.
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(2018).
Comment le Hamas tente de jouer dans la cybercour israélienne.
[Avis].
L'Orient le Journal.
Vis sammendrag
L’opération de cyberespionnage lancée par des hackers gazaouis sur des cellulaires de soldats israéliens est rustique d’un point de vue purement technique. C’est davantage par leur connaissance fine de l’ennemi que les opérateurs du mouvement islamique palestinien ont « brillé ».
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(2018).
Krig og Fred. Gaza: Den store marsjen hjem.
[Radio].
NRK.
Vis sammendrag
Nesten 50 palestinere er drept og tusenvis er skadet så langt i demonstrasjonene langs grensegjerde i Gaza. En norsk fotograf har gått tett på og tatt et dramatisk bilde av en ung palestiner innhyllet av røyk og flammer. Dette er historien om hvordan bildet ble til og hva demonstrasjonene sier om situasjonen i Gaza. Gjester: Harald Henden, VG og Erik Skare, doktorgradsstipendiat ved Universitetet i Oslo Programleder: Sigurd Falkenberg Mikkelsen
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(2017).
Motstandskampen er blitt digital: Unge palestinere hacker israelske nettsider.
[Fagblad].
Apollon.
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(2016).
Jihadi Document Repository.
Vis sammendrag
The Jihadi Document Repository was created in 2015 by the Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI) in cooperation with the University of Oslo. The sole purpose of the Repository is to encourage academic research on militant Islamism, by making available a large collection of jihadist primary sources gathered by the FFI’s Terrorism Research Group since 1999.
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(2020).
Faith, Awareness, and Revolution: A History of Palestinian Islamic Jihad.
Oslo 07-Media.
Vis sammendrag
This study seeks to provide the history of Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ), the second largest
faction in the Gaza Strip today. Undertaking its first armed operations against the Israeli
occupation in 1984, five years before Hamas, violence was what distinguished the two. Yet,
when Hamas also engaged in violence in 1989, the two movements were, in principle, almost
identical. This raises the question why PIJ survived as a separate organization with a
justification of existence. In short, why PIJ?
Existing research shares an analysis of a categorical movement bereft of pragmatism. PIJ is
simply more militant than Hamas; it rejects political participation and diplomatic dialogue; and
it has adopted an unequivocal Palestinian identity. Through the reading and analysis of PIJ texts
and archival material, as well as the conducting of interviews with its leaders and members, this
study of PIJ’s history seeks to go beyond the conceptualization of the movement as an issue of
radicalism, fundamentalism, or a degree of militarism.
Instead, the central argument is that PIJ never constituted an absolute rupture with the secular-nationalist
currents in the PLO of the late 1960s, as represented primarily by Fatah. As the
majority of PIJ’s founding fathers were affiliated with these secular-nationalist currents, they
were swayed by the belief in religion’s transformative potential in the 1960s and 1970s. More
important, in the process, they preserved their secular, activist political ethos and logic,
although it was now framed through religious symbolism. The establishment of PIJ did thus not
entail the formation of a new characteristic ideology, but rather the re-articulation of already
existing ones. Because this was an ethos distinctively different from that of the Palestinian
Muslim Brotherhood, the latter was unable to absorb these activists into its ranks. Consequently,
PIJ and Hamas derive their thought and practice from two distinct political traditions
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Publisert 23. aug. 2016 15:32
- Sist endret 24. juli 2022 21:39