About the project
Focusing on election campaigns in four stable democracies; The United States, Australia, Norway, and Sweden, the project used a cross-national and cross-media approach to investigate to what degree social media changes political communication.
Three key findings
- A key finding in our studies is that social media is used by politicians for the purpose of political marketing rather than for engaging in dialogue with the voters, and as such social media is used as one-way communication tools rather than interactive personal communication tools.
- A second key finding is that social media impacts on politics in an inter-media agenda setting, meaning that the postings on social media relate actively to current debates in mainstream media, and vice-versa; the mainstream media actively reports on social media debates.
- Third, we found significant national differences between social media use in politics and their impact on politics, for example the Nordic region compared to the USA. Factors that impact on social media use in politics include size of population, political culture, and media system.
Funding
Duration
Publications
2018
- Bruns, Axel & Enli, Gunn (2018). Norwegian Twittersphere. Dynamics and Structure. Nordicom Review. ISSN 1403-1108. 39(1), s 129- 148 . doi: 10.2478/nor-2018-0006 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
- Enli, Gunn & Rosenberg, Linda Therese (2018). Trust in the Age of Social Media: Populist Politicians Seem More Authentic. Social Media + Society. ISSN 2056-3051. 4(1), s 1- 11 . doi:10.1177/2056305118764430 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
2017
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Enli, Gunn (2017). Twitter as arena for the authentic outsider: exploring the social media campaigns of Trump and Clinton in the 2016 US presidential election. European Journal of Communication. ISSN 0267-3231. 32(1), s 50- 61 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
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Enli, Gunn & Simonsen, Chris-Adrian (2017). 'Social Media Logic' Meets Professional Norms: Twitter Hashtag Usage by Journalists and Politicians. Information, Communication & Society. ISSN 1369-118X. 21(8), s 1081- 1096 . doi:10.1080/1369118X.2017.1301515
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Enli, Gunn (2017). New Media and Politics. Annals of the International Communication Association. ISSN 2380-8977. s 1- 8 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
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Kalsnes, Bente; Larsson, Anders Olof & Enli, Gunn (2017). The social media logic of political interaction: Exploring citizens’ and politicians’ relationship on Facebook and Twitter. First Monday. ISSN 1396-0466. 22(2) Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
2016
- Bruns, Axel, Gunn Enli, Eli Skogerbø, Anders Olof Larsson & Christian Christensen (2016). The Routledge Companion to Social Media and Politics. Routledge. ISBN 9781138860766. 538 s.
- Enli, Gunn & Anja Naper (2016) Social Media Incumbent Advantage: Barack Obama and Mitt Romney's Tweets in the 2012 US Presidential Election Campaign. In Axel Bruns, Gunn Enli, Eli Skogerbø, Anders Olof Larsson & Christian Christensen (eds.) The Routledge Companion to Social Media and Politics
- Larsson, Anders Olof & Skogerbø, Eli (2016). Out with the old, in with the new? Perceptions of social (and other) media by local and regional Norwegian politicians. New Media and Society. ISSN 1461-4448. . doi: 10.1177/1461444816661549
- Larsson, Anders Olof, Bente Kalsnes & Christian Christensen (2016). Elite Interaction - Public service broadcasters’ use of Twitter during national elections in Norway and Sweden . Journalism Practice. ISSN 1751-2786.
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Larsson, Anders Olof & Christian Christensen (2016). From showroom to chat room SVT on social media during the 2014 Swedish elections. Paper published online before print in Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies 1354856516644564.
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Larsson, Anders Olof & Hallvard Moe (2016) From Emerging to Established? A Comparison of Twitter Use during Swedish Election Campaigns in 2010 and 2014. In Axel Bruns, Gunn Enli, Eli Skogerbø, Anders Olof Larsson & Christian Christensen (eds.) The Routledge Companion to Social Media and Politics.
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Kalsnes, Bente (2016) The social media paradox explained: comparing political parties? Social media strategy vs. practice. Social media + Society 2(2) DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305116644616
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Kalsnes, Bente (2016) The power of likes: Social media logic and political communication. Phd.-thesis. University of Oslo, Department of Media and Communication.
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Kalsnes, Bente (2016) Epostens triumf i amerikansk valgkamp. Agenda Magasin, 07.11.2016.
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Skogerbø, Eli, Axel Bruns, Andrew Quodling & Thomas Ingebretsen (2016) Agenda-Setting Revisited: Social Media and Sourcing in Mainstream Journalism. In Axel Bruns, Gunn Enli, Eli Skogerbø, Anders Olof Larsson & Christian Christensen (eds.) The Routledge Companion to Social Media and Politics
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Bruns, Axel (2016) Big data analysis. In Tamara Witschge, C. W. Anderson, David Domingo & Alfred Hermida (eds.) The sage handbook of digital journalism.
2015
- Larsson, Anders Olof (2015). Pandering, protesting, engaging. Norwegian party leaders on Facebook during the 2013 ‘Short campaign'. Information, Communication & Society 18(4): 459-473.
- Larsson, Anders Olof & Øyvind Ihlen (2015). Birds Of A Feather Flock Together? Party Leaders On Twitter During The 2013 Norwegian Elections. Paper published online before print in European Journal of Communication.
- Larsson, Anders Olof (2015). Going Viral? Comparing Parties on Social Media During the 2014 Swedish Election. Paper published online before print in Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies.
- Larsson, Anders Olof & Hallvard Moe (2015) Bots or journalists? News sharing on Twitter. Communications 40(3): 361-370. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/commun-2015-0014
- Enli, Gunn & Eli Skogerbør (2015). Personalized campaigns in party-centred politics: Twitter and Facebook as arenas for political communication, In Gunn Enli & Hallvard Moe (ed.), Social Media and Election Campaigns - Key Tendencies and Ways Forward. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-13-893046-9. 6. s 119 - 135
- Karlsen, Rune & Eli Skogerbø (2015). Candidate campaigning in parliamentary systems: Individualized vs. localized campaigning. Party Politics. ISSN 1354-0688. 21(3): 428- 439 . doi: 10.1177/1354068813487103
- Skogerbø, Eli & Hallvard Moe (2015). Twitter på tvers - koblinger mellom journalister og politikere . Norsk Medietidsskrift. ISSN 0804-8452. 22(3)
- Enli, Gunn (2015). Politisk logikk eller medielogikk? - Norske partilederes strategier, imagebygging og autentisitet i sosiale medier :. Norsk Medietidsskrift. ISSN 0804-8452. 22(3): 1- 19
- Enli, Gunn & Hallvard Moe (2015). Social Media and Election Campaigns - Key Tendencies and Ways Forward. Routledge 2015 ISBN 978-1-13-893046-9. 150 s.
- Enli, Gunn (2015) Mediated Authenticity. How the Media Constructs Reality. London og New York: Peter Lang.
- Wallsten, Kevin (2015). Non-Elite Twitter Sources Rarely Cited in Coverage: Newspaper Research Journal 36(1): 24-41.
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Kalsnes, Bente & Anders Olof Larsson (2015) Med makt til å like? Sosiale medier og politisk kommunikasjon. In Sigurd Allern, Øyvind Ihlen & Eli Skogerbø (eds.) Makt, medier og politikk: Norsk politisk kommunikasjon, pp. 219-231
2014
- Larsson, Anders Olof (2014). Online, all the time? A quantitative assessment of the permanent campaign on Facebook. New media & society.
- Skogerbø, Eli & Rune Karlsen. (2014). Mediatisation and Regional Campaigning in a Party Centered-System. How and Why Parlimentary Candidates Seek Visibility. Javnost - The public 21 (2): 75-92.
- Larsson, Anders Olof (2014). Everyday Elites, Citizens or Extremists? Assessing the Use and Users of Non-Election Political Hashtags. MedieKultur 56: 61-78.
- Larsson, Anders Olof & Bente Kalsnes (2014). “Of course we are on Facebook” - Use and Non-Use of Social Media among Swedish and Norwegian Politicians. European Journal of Communication.
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Larsson, Anders Olof & Jakob Svensson (2014). Politicians Online - Identifying Current Research Opportunities. First Monday 19 (4).
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Larsson, Anders Olof & Hallvard Moe (2014). Triumph of the Underdogs? Comparing Twitter Use by Political Actors During Two Norwegian Election Campaigns. SAGE open 4(4): 1-13.
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Weller, K., A. Bruns, J. Burgess, M. Mahrt, and C. Puschmann, eds. (2014). Twitter and Society. New York: Peter Lang.
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Bruns, Axel & Hallvard Moe (2014). Structural Layers of Communication on Twitter. In K. Weller et al., eds., Twitter and Society. New York: Peter Lang. 15-28.
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Bruns, Axel (2014). Social Media and Journalism during Times of Crisis. In T. Senft and J. Hunsinger, eds., Routledge Handbook of Social Media. New York: Routledge.
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Bruns, Axel (2014). Media Innovations, User Innovations, Societal Innovations. Journal of Media Innovations 1.1: 13-27.
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Kalsnes, Bente, Arne Krumsvik & Tanja Storsul (2014). Social media as a political backchannel: Twitter use during televised election debates in Norway. Aslib Journal of Information Management 66(3): 313-328.
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Skogerbø, Eli & Arne H. Krumsvik (2014). Newspapers, Facebook and Twitter: Intermedial agenda setting in local election campaigns. Journalism Practice 9(3): 350-366.
2013
- Christensen, Christian (2013). Wave-riding and hashtag-jumping. Twitter, minority ‘third parties’ and the 2012 US elections. Information, Communication & Society 16.5: 646-666.
- Enli, Gunn & Hallvard Moe (2013). Introduction to special issue. Information, Communication & Society 16(5): 637-645.
- Bruns, A., T. Highfield, and S. Harrington. (2013) Sharing the News: Dissemination of Links to Australian News Sites on Twitter. In Janey Gordon, ed., Br(e)aking the News. New York: Peter Lang.
- Bruns, A., T. Highfield, and J. Burgess. (2013). The Arab Spring and Its Social Media Audiences: English and Arabic Twitter Users and Their Networks. American Behavioral Scientist 57.7: 871-898.
- Bruns, A., and T. Highfield. (2013). Political Networks on Twitter: Tweeting the Queensland State Election. Information, Communication & Society 16.5: 667-691.
- Sauter, T., and A. Bruns. (2013). Social Media in the Media: How Australian Media Perceive Social Media as Political Tools. Brisbane: ARC Centre of Excellence for Creative Industries and Innovation, 2013.
- Larsson, Anders Olof (2013). Bringing it all back home? Social Media Practices by Swedish Municipalities. European Journal of Communication 28 (6).
- Moe, Hallvard and Larsson, Anders Olof (2013). Untangling a Complex Media System. A Comparative Study of Twitter Linking Practices during Three Scandinavian Election Campaigns. Information, Communication & Society 16 (5): 775-794.
- Larsson, Anders Olof and Moe, Hallvard (2013). Representation or Participation? Twitter use during the 2011 Danish Election Campaign. Javnost – The Public 20(1): 71-88.
- Larsson, Anders Olof (2013). Tweeting the viewer – Use of Twitter in a talk show context. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media 57(2): 135-152.
- Larsson, Anders Olof (2013). Staying in or Going out? Assessing the linking practices of Swedish online newspapers. Journalism Practice, 7(6), december 2013.
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Larsson, Anders Olof and Ågerfalk, Pär J. (2013). Snowing, Freezing… Tweeting? Organizational Twitter use during crisis. First Monday 18(6).
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Larsson, Anders Olof (2013). ‘Rejected bits of program code’ – Why notions of “politics 2.0” remain (mostly) unfulfilled. Journal of Information Technology & Politics 10(1), 72-85.
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Larsson, Anders Olof & Hallvard Moe (2013). Twitter in Politics and Elections – Insights from Scandinavia. In: Weller, Katrin; Bruns, Axel; Burgess, Jean; Mahrt, Merja and Cornelius Puschmann (eds.) Twitter & Society, Peter Lang.
- Enli, Gunn & Eli Skogerbø (2013). Personalized campaigns in party-centred politics. Information, Communication and Society. 16(5): 757- 774. doi: 10.1080/1369118X.2013.782330
- Skogerbø, Eli (2013). Nettet som arena for politisk debatt – etter 22. juli, I: Anders Ravik Jupskås & Anders Ravik Jupskås (red.), Akademiske perspektiver på 22. juli. Akademisk Forlag. ISBN 9788232101313.
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Karlsen, Rune & Eli Skogerbø (2013). Candidate campaigning in parliamentary systems: Individualized vs. localized campaigning. Party Politics. doi: 10.1177/1354068813487103.
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Krumsvik, Arne H., Eli Skogerbø & Tanja Storsul (2013). Size, ownership and innovation in newspapers. In T. Storsul & A. Krumsvik (Eds.), Media innovations : a multidisciplinary study of change (93-109).
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Wallsten, Kevin. (2013) “Old Media, New Media Sources: The Blogosphere’s Influence on Print Media News Coverage.” International Journal of E-Politics.