Gunn Enli

• Enli, Gunn (2026). ‘Put it away! Put it away!’: Negotiating smartphone norms in performing arts. New Media & Society. ISSN 1461-4448. doi: 10.1177/14614448251410967. Full text in Research Archive
• Enli, Gunn (2026). AUTHENTICITY IN THE AGE OF AI: Beyond the Alarmist Deepfake Discourse. In Bruns, Axel; Enli, Gunn; Larsson, Anders Olof; Robinson, Jessica Yarin; Bosch, Tanja & Kasianenko, Kateryna (Ed.), The Routledge Companion to Social Media and Politics, 2nd Edition. Routledge. ISSN 9781003359524. p. 160–171. doi: 10.4324/9781003359524-13. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This updated and expanded second edition brings together cutting-edge research across six continents to provide a comprehensive, global, up-to-date review of political uses of social media. In its 32 chapters, this second edition of The Routledge Companion to Social Media and Politics covers the good, the bad, and the as yet uncertain of current developments in the uses of social media in political contexts, ten years on from the first book. It is organised into six sections: Concepts, Challenges, Policies, Problems, Platforms, and Possibilities, each featuring chapters by leading researchers in the field that address these themes from a wide variety of viewpoints. This edition arrives at a new critical point: generative AI and other emerging technologies may either accelerate the crises of disinformation, polarisation, and democratic decline, or open new spaces for civic innovation, regulation, and accountability. The politics of digital platforms remain unsettled, and this Companion provides a critical map of the present while pointing to the possibilities and futures that will define the next decade of social media and politics. At a time when the politics of social media use remain unsettled, this comprehensive collection is an essential reference for academic communities in areas ranging from media and communication studies through internet studies and journalism studies to political science, and may be used by researchers as well as teachers and students in these respective fields. Chapters 3, 15 and 26 of this book are freely available as downloadable Open Access PDFs at https://www.taylorfrancis.com under a Creative Commons [Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CC BY-NC-ND)] 4.0 International license.

• Enli, Gunn (2025). Regulatory barriers in the attention economy: Lack of support, trust, and measures. Media, Culture and Society. ISSN 0163-4437. 47(8), p. 1636–1652. doi: 10.1177/01634437251350008. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The challenges posed by the attention economy have sparked calls for political regulation, as users’ struggles with self-regulation have become well-documented. However, there is a lack of research on the feasibility of political intervention as a solution. This article examines to what extent political regulation can effectively address the issues created by the attention economy, and seeks to identify potential regulatory barriers. Using a mixed-method approach, the study includes a survey of users’ opinions on regulating the attention economy, qualitative interviews with key stakeholder groups to provide context for the survey data, and a document analysis that covers both national and supranational levels. Theoretically, the analysis builds on disconnection studies, media policy research, and studies of the attention economy. The findings highlight that the main regulatory barriers include insufficient public support, low trust, and inadequate regulatory measures. Since political processes do not occur in isolation and require backing from the public and collaboration with key stakeholders, these barriers hold significant weight. The key theoretical implication of this study is that research on regulation of the attention economy should recalibrate its expectations regarding regulatory possibilities within liberal democracies. Future studies should further explore the underlying mechanisms that impede effective regulation.

• Enli, Gunn (2024). Populism as “Truth”: How Mediated Authenticity Strengthens the Populist Message. The International Journal of Press/Politics. ISSN 1940-1612. doi: https:/journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/19401612231221802. Full text in Research Archive
• Moe, Hallvard; Enli, Gunn & Syvertsen, Trine (2024). The dark side of the media welfare state: How media policy ignored consumption and climate change. In Jakobsson, Peter; Lindell, Johan & Stiernstedt, Fredrik (Ed.), The future of the Nordic media model : A digital media welfare state?. Nordicom. ISSN 9789188855886. doi: 10.48335/9789188855893-11. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This chapter revisits the concept of the media welfare state, a term we coined a decade ago (with fourth author Ole Mjøs). The concept highlighted how welfare state principles influenced media policy in the Nordic countries and how policymakers used regulatory measures to correct negative implications of state and market governance. In this chapter, we consider how policymakers responded to a trend we did not previously discuss: the media’s contribution to overconsumption and environmental damage. Based on an empirical discussion of three phases of Norwegian media policy – early television, early broadband, and early data centre policies – we argue that in facing these challenges, politicians have been less willing to use policy measures to reduce harmful consequences. Instead, there is a tendency towards unquestionably labelling media and digital platforms “a green industry”.

• Enli, Gunn (2024). Populism as “Truth”: How Mediated Authenticity Strengthens the Populist Message. The International Journal of Press/Politics. ISSN 1940-1612. doi: 10.1177/19401612231221802. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The rise of populism is often explained by political factors, economic factors, and media and communication factors. This article analyzes populism in the context of an increased focus on authenticity in political communication. The main aim is to discuss to what degree mediated authenticity strengthens the populist message and what consequences the nexus between authenticity and populism might have for the quality of democratic governance. As a theoretical backdrop, the article discusses the implications of increased valorization of authenticity in times of distrust, and how perforned truth is a key appeal of populism in representative democracies. The methodological approach is a systematic analysis of seven authenticity strategies identified in previous research: consistency, spontaneity, ordinariness, confession, immediacy, ambivalence, and imperfection. In addition to the theoretical analysis, the article offers a case study of the performance of Donald Trump, focusing on how mediated authenticity strengthens the populist message. The study is conducted in a mainly U.S.-context and includes material collected between 2016 and 2023. A key argument is that although performed authenticity can be both advantageous and disadvantageous, depending on the status of the candidate, there is lower risk involved for populist politicians than mainstream politicians because the strategies correspond more with the ideology. In conclusion, the article argues that performed authenticity might legitimize hate speech, conspiracy theories, and post-truth politics because populists claim to have a particular relation to the truth.

• Enli, Gunn & Fast, Karin (2024). Political work under post-digital conditions: or, how politicians endure digital entrapment and distractions in everyday life. In Albris, Kristoffer; Fast, Karin; Karlsen, Faltin; Kaun, Anne; Lomborg, Stine & Syvertsen, Trine (Ed.), The Digital Backlash and the Paradoxes of Disconnection. Nordicom. ISSN 9789188855954. p. 131–152. doi: 10.48335/9789188855961-7. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Political workers represent a category of workers whose professional reliance on social media is well-documented. However, while many studies inquire about the role of social media in politics per se, ours is designed to capture political workers’ subjective experiences of what it is like to live and work in the post-digital society. This involves asking to what extent – and at what perceived cost – political workers intentionally seek to self-regulate their media use in the direction of disconnection. Qualitative interviews with 14 Norwegian politicians serve as our window into personal experiences of political work under post-digital conditions and into daily, morally induced dilemmas pertaining to work-related use of digital, connective technology. Our results suggest that today’s political workers are “post-digital experts”, which is required to learn how to endure the entrapping and distracting mechanisms of the post-digital society.

• Enli, Gunn & Fast, Karin (2023). Political Solutions or user Responsibilization? How Politicians understand Problems Connected to Digital Overload. Convergence. The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies. ISSN 1354-8565. 29(3). doi: 10.1177/13548565231160618. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Politicians are decision-makers responsible for policy and opinion leaders with unique powers to construct challenges and problems as political. An emerging problematic issue pertains to users’ experiences of digital overload and invasive media (Syvertsen 2020; Lomborg and Ytre-Arne, 2021). Existing studies report that users struggle to self-regulate their digital media use – or ‘disconnect’. This relates to how connectivity platforms develop increasingly advanced techniques to keep them from logging off (Karppi 2018; Zuboff, 2019; Ytre-Arne et al., 2020). This article aims to unpack how politicians understand problems about digital overload and invasive media and to what degree they regard digital disconnection as a potential political issue. We have selected Norway as our case country because of the population’s level of digital connectivity and the tradition of media regulation in the Nordic region (Syvertsen et al., 2014). Based on 16 research interviews with politicians and think-thank experts and a document analysis of official party-political platforms, we ask to what degree the politicians experience digital overload and invasive media as problematic, and if so, whom they believe is responsible for causing and solving the problems, and what specific solutions they suggest to the issues. In addition to digital disconnection literature, we draw on theoretical perspectives from media policy, political theory, and responsibilization. Key findings indicate that politicians regard digital overload and invasive media as highly problematic. However, they are reluctant to suggest political interventions as solutions to these problems but rather place responsibility on the users and the platform industries. The politicians struggle to imagine political interventions that could help users disconnect while respecting personal authority and are doubtful about their power vis-à-vis the global tech companies. The article concludes with a critical discussion about the politicians’ acceptance of the neoliberal idea of responsibilization. This ultimately produces a reluctance to discuss disconnection as a political issue, not just an individual challenge.

• Robinson, Jessica Yarin & Enli, Gunn (2022). #MakeSwedenGreatAgain: Media events as politics in the deterritorialised nationalism debate. Nordic Journal of Media Studies. 4(1), p. 56–80. doi: 10.2478/njms-2022-0004. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Abstract Online networks have blurred the lines between national and global news, and have given users a more active role in how information flows. This opens up the opportunity for individuals to engage with foreign events in new ways, curating information and offering their own interpretations. In this article, we investigate how national elections are taken up in the global Twittersphere, using a set of 198,635 English-language tweets about the 2018 Swedish parliamentary election. Based on a network analysis and a content analysis of themes in the tweets, we demonstrate that national media events can become “deterritorialised” by globally networked publics. A second key finding is that the Swedish election is leveraged to discuss anti-globalist themes such as immigration and nationalism in, paradoxically, a global and deterritorialised context.

• Enli, Gunn & Syvertsen, Trine (2021). Disconnect to Reconnect! Self-help to Regain an Authentic Sense of Space through Digital Detoxing, Disentangling: The Geographies of Digital Disconnection. Oxford University Press. ISSN 9780197571873. doi: 10.1093/oso/9780197571873.003.0010. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  A typical call in contemporary self-help literature is to “look away from screens and enter the physical world.” Drawing on an empirical analysis of 15 self-help books, this chapter explores advice to reconnect with social and physical spaces by taking a break from digital technology. Digital detox is a relatively new term, but its ideological foundations are familiar from a long history of media and technology criticism. In the chapter, self-help advice on digital detoxing is discussed in the light of classical and contemporary criticism of media influence. Although the self-help books illuminate obstacles and difficulties, they propagate an optimistic belief that invasive technology can be controlled, authenticity restored, and social and physical dislocation reversed.

• Enli, Gunn (2021). Digitale forstyrrelser - et nytt politikkfelt eller individets problem? Nytt Norsk Tidsskrift (NNT). ISSN 0800-336X. p. 19–32. doi: 10.18261/issn.1504-3053-2021-01-02-03. Full text in Research Archive
• Syvertsen, Trine; Donders, Karen; Enli, Gunn & Raats, Tim (2019). Media disruption and the public interest. Nordic Journal of Media Studies. 1(1), p. 11–28. doi: 10.2478/njms-2019-0002. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Digitization, new entrants and the disruption of business models prompt concern about the media’s societal mission. The article investigates how media managers conceptualize societal responsibility in an era of turmoil. Based on 20 semi-structured interviews with executive managers of private media companies in Norway and Flanders, the study reveals important differences in the definition of the public interest. While Flemish media managers emphasize brand value, Norwegian managers emphasize societal values, such as educating the public. When comparing managers of traditional and newer companies, a third, more straightforward market logic is also elicited, illuminating the vulnerability of traditional values.

• Syvertsen, Trine & Enli, Gunn (2019). Digital detox: Media resistance and the promise of authenticity. Convergence. The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies. ISSN 1354-8565. 26(5-6). doi: 10.1177/1354856519847325. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  A fascination for the authentic is pervasive in contemporary culture. This article discusses texts recommending digital detox and how these accentuate dilemmas of what it means to be authentically human in the age of constant connectivity. Digital detox can be defined as a periodic disconnection from social or online media, or strategies to reduce digital media involvement. Digital detox stands in a long tradition of media resistance and resistance to new communication technologies, and non-use of media, but advocates balance and awareness more than permanent disconnection. Drawing on the analysis of 20 texts promoting digital detox: self-help literature, memoirs and corporate websites, the article discusses how problems with digital media are defined and recommended strategies to handle them. The analysis is structured around three dominant themes emerging in the material: descriptions of temporal overload and 24/7 connectivity, experiences of spatial intrusion and loss of contact with ‘real life’ and descriptions of damage to body and mind. A second research topic concerns how arguments for digital detox can be understood within a wider cultural and political context. Here, we argue that digital detox texts illuminate the rise of a self-regulation society, where individuals are expected to take personal responsibility for balancing risks and pressures, as well as representing a form of commodification of authenticity and nostalgia.

• Enli, Gunn; Raats, Tim; Syvertsen, Trine & Donders, Karen (2019). Media policy for private media in the age of digital platforms. European Journal of Communication. ISSN 0267-3231. 34(4), p. 395–409. doi: 10.1177/0267323119861512. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Digital platforms such as Google, Facebook and Netflix have caused a watershed moment not only for markets and businesses but also for media policy. Concerns about the US-based digital platforms’ impact on national media markets have grown among European media businesses as well as policy makers. Media policy research argues that small media markets are particularly vulnerable to global players and foreign influence, but that market size must be understood also in the context of political traditions. This article investigates how digital platforms influence media policy for private media businesses in the small media systems of Norway and Flanders. Drawing on 20 qualitative interviews with CEOs and top-level media managers in these two small media markets, we ask what private media businesses expect from policy makers in light of the intensified competition from digital platforms, what experience they have with cooperating with policy makers and what explains the differences between Norway and Flanders. A key finding is that the managers in both markets want policy makers to regulate digital platforms to secure level playing field, and that the Norwegian respondents had more positive experiences with co-regulation and expressed more trust in policy makers and policy instruments, compared to the Flemish. Despite the global players and the need for transnational solutions, regional variations in policy making still matters, and might inform the discussion about how to regulate the digital platforms.

• Enli, Gunn & Syvertsen, Trine (2018). Public Service in Europe: Five Key Points. In Freedman, Des & Valbot, Vana (Ed.), A Future of Public Service Television. MIT Press. ISSN 9781906897710. p. 83–91. doi: 10.7551/mitpress/9781906897710.003.0010. Full text in Research Archive
• Donders, Karen; Enli, Gunn; Raats, Tim & Syvertsen, Trine (2018). Digitisation, internationalisation, and changing business models in local media markets: an analysis of commercial media’s perceptions on challenges ahead. Journal of Media Business Studies. ISSN 1652-2354. 15(2), p. 89–107. doi: 10.1080/16522354.2018.1470960. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Most research on the changes affecting commercial media focuses on big markets and, except in some instances, fails to incorporate media managers’ views. By investigating perceptions of private media managers in two small markets, this article fills that void.It analyses how mainly legacy media managers view the impact of market and societal dynamics such as digitisation, internationalisation, and changing business models, and discusses the strategies and priorities they envisage to handle current challenges. Data collection rests on 20 expert interviews with high-level management in Flanders and Norway. The analysis builds on the main challenges identified in the literature, with a focus on the robustness versus fragility of small media markets. The main finding is that respondents do not go along with a doom scenario of their market, recognising though that the extent to which their companies and media ecosystems used to be shielded away from international trends and competition is over. Connecting with audiences is considered to be of pivotal importance in developing new business models.

• Enli, Gunn; Syvertsen, Trine & Mjøs, Ole Johan (2018). The welfare state and the media system: The role of media and communications in the evolution and transformation of Scandinavian welfare states. Scandinavian Journal of History. ISSN 0346-8755. 43(5), p. 601–623. doi: 10.1080/03468755.2018.1474023. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This article aims to bridge the gap between media studies and welfare state studies. While media and communications systems are crucial elements in any society, these systems are often not included in studies of the welfare state. Through a discussion of five historical phases in the evolution of Scandinavian societies and media systems, from early democratization in the late 18th century through the ‘golden age’ of the welfare state to the present challenges of globalization, digitization and the fragmentation of social trust, the article discusses the relationships between the two spheres. While Scandinavian communications systems have much in common with those of other Western states, this article argues that they are also products of, and catalysts for, the specific evolution of the Nordic welfare states.

• Bruns, Axel & Enli, Gunn (2018). Norwegian Twittersphere. Dynamics and Structure. Nordicom Review. ISSN 1403-1108. 39(1), p. 129–148. doi: 10.2478/nor-2018-0006. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This article takes a new approach to the comprehensive study of an entire national Twittersphere. It identifies, to the extent that this is possible with the data made available through Twitter’s Application Programming Interface (API), all accounts operated by Norwegian users and institutions, analyses patterns in their public profile information, and maps their follower/followee connections with each other. This provides new insights into the historical development of the Norwegian Twittersphere, its current network structure and the presence of diverse interests and issues amongst the nearly one million accounts within this community. Its findings also constitute important background information for future Twitter research that takes the familiar hashtag studies route: its observations enable such studies to filter their datasets for confirmed Norwegian accounts only, and to examine the presence of accounts with specific interest profiles, as determined by the present study, in their datasets.

• Enli, Gunn & Rosenberg, Linda Therese (2018). Trust in the Age of Social Media: Populist Politicians Seem More Authentic. Social Media + Society. 4(1), p. 1–11. doi: 10.1177/2056305118764430. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The current debate about declining media trust is related not only to the disruptive changes in the media but also to the general decline of trust in institutions and politicians. This article combines the perspectives of media trust and political trust, by examining to what degree voters perceive politicians as “honest” in the contexts of various media and communication forms. Comparing the voters’ evaluation of politicians’ trustworthiness in talk shows, news interviews, speeches, flyers, social media, and opinion pieces makes it possible to measure the impact of media contexts on the level of trust. A key finding is that voters deem politicians as more honest in social media and opinion pieces, compared to talk shows and news interviews. Second, voters tend to evaluate politicians as more honest in the media formats they most often consume; a finding that confirms the virtuous circle theory; young people typically found politicians to be more dishonest in mainstream media compared to social media A third finding is that the voters tend to evaluate populist politicians as more authentic than traditional politicians and that female politicians were regarded as more authentic compared to male politicians. These findings have implications both for journalistic ideals for coverage of politics in and for political strategic communication.

• Enli, Gunn & Simonsen, Chris-Adrian (2017). 'Social Media Logic' Meets Professional Norms: Twitter Hashtag Usage by Journalists and Politicians. Information, Communication & Society. ISSN 1369-118X. 21(8), p. 1081–1096. doi: 10.1080/1369118X.2017.1301515. Full text in Research Archive
• Enli, Gunn (2017). New Media and Politics. Annals of the International Communication Association. ISSN 2380-8985. p. 1–8. doi: 10.1080/23808985.2017.1392251. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Media and politics have been defined as a symbiosis because they are mutually dependent on each other. Accordingly, current research trends are concerned with investigating how this symbiosis is developing and changing as a result of new media technologies. This article starts by discussing the term ‘new media’ before discussing four main research strands: political activism; political campaigning, political polarization, and political journalism. Strengths and weaknesses in these fields will be discussed, and the concluding remark suggests a vision for further research on new media and politics. The final version of this research has been published in Annals of the International Communication Association. © 2017 Taylor & Francis

• Enli, Gunn & Syvertsen, Trine (2017). 25 år med kommersiell allmennkringkasting TV 2s historie gjennom redaktørblikket. Norsk medietidsskrift (NMT). ISSN 0804-8452. 24(3), p. 1–17. doi: 10.18261/issn.0508-9535-2017-03-02. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  TV 2 feirer 25-årsjubileum i 2017. Da Kong Harald og Dronning Sonja innledet åpningsshowet fra Grieghallen 5. september 1992, ble døren slått opp for en særegen blanding av norsk allmennkringkasting og amerikansk kommersiell massekultur. TV 2 plasserte seg som en hybridkanal mellom tradisjonsrike NRK og kommersielle TV3 og TVNorge. TV 2 var nyskapende og annerledes – som merkevare, programprodusent og samfunnsaktør – men har etter 25 år blitt en del av det etablerte Norge. Artikkelen diskuterer grunntrekk i TV 2s historie og profil basert på intervjuer med de fem sjefredaktørene – fem menn som hver på sin måte har preget norsk offentlighet og fjernsynskultur.

• Kalsnes, Bente; Larsson, Anders Olof & Enli, Gunn (2017). The social media logic of political interaction: Exploring citizens’ and politicians’ relationship on Facebook and Twitter. First Monday. 22(2). doi: 10.5210/fm.v22i2.6348. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This paper examines citizens’ interactions with politicians in social media in what is referred to as an everyday context, unmediated by news media. Through a representative survey, we compare the influence of a series of socio-demographical variables such as political interest, age, gender and education on the interaction levels between citizens and politicians. The article argues that the social media logic can be operationalized into “connected affordances”: Redistribution, Interacting and Acknowledging — which are the three types of user practices on Facebook and Twitter. The study finds that Facebook is a service where “ordinary” people engage in political interaction with politicians — and receive replies from politicians — while Twitter is mostly used by just a small group of the population for these purposes. Hence, the popularity of Facebook could be seen as allowing for new connections between citizens and politicians without news media as mediators. Our results suggest that the stronger the political interest the citizens express, the more connective affordances are utilized — such as commenting and sharing. Political interest also impacts what response citizens receive from political actors in social media.

• Enli, Gunn (2017). Twitter as arena for the authentic outsider: exploring the social media campaigns of Trump and Clinton in the 2016 US presidential election. European Journal of Communication. ISSN 0267-3231. 32(1), p. 50–61. doi: 10.1177/0267323116682802. Full text in Research Archive
• Enli, Gunn (2016). "Trust me, I am Authentic!" Authenticity Illusions in Social Media Politics, The Routledge Companion to Social Media and Politics. Routledge. ISSN 9781138860766. p. 121–137. doi: 10.4324/9781315716299-9. Full text in Research Archive
• Syvertsen, Trine; Enli, Gunn; Mjøs, Ole Johan & Moe, Hallvard (2016). The Media Welfare State: Nordic Media in Times of Change. In Carlsson, Ulla (Eds.), Freedom of Expression and Media in Transition. Studies and Reflections in the Digital Age. Nordicom. ISSN 9789187957222. p. 19–26. Full text in Research Archive
• Enli, Gunn & Naper, Anja Aaheim (2016). Social Media Incumbent Advantage: Barack Obama's and Mitt Romney's Tweets in the 2012 U.S. Presidential Election Campaign, The Routledge Companion to Social Media and Politics. Routledge. ISSN 9781138860766. p. 364–378. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The aim of this chapter is to investigate how US presidential candidates used Twitter when the first phase of novelty had passed and ‘the dust had settled’ after the 2008 Obama campaign. Focusing on the theory of the incumbent advantage, which is one of the most well documented features of US elections (Erickson 1995; Ansolabehere, Snowberg, and Snyder 2006; Jamieson 2013), this chapter will investigate to what degree the theory has relevance when transferred to social media. What kind of incumbency advantages did Obama have in relation to his challengers in the context of social media? To what degree is this advantage in social media comparable with the incumbency advantage resulting from coverage in mass media? This chapter has five main parts. The first discusses characteristics of US the political system, and politics in the US and the implications of these characteristics for the relations between the media and politics. The second part reviews research literature on political communication and social media. The third part outlines the historical development of online campaigning and social media campaigning in the US. The fourth part will present the key findings in the comparative study of the tweets posted on the candidate accounts for Obama and Romney, while the last part concludes and pinpoints key arguments. The final version of this research has been published in The Routledge Companion to Social Media and Politics. © Routledge.

• Enli, Gunn & Syvertsen, Trine (2016). The end of televisiona-again! How TV is still influenced by cultural factors in the age of digital intermediaries. Media and Communication. 4(3A), p. 142–153. doi: 10.17645/mac.v4i3.547. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  How TV Is Still Influenced by Cultural Factors in the Age of Digital Intermediaries.

• Enli, Gunn & Skogerbø, Eli (2015). Personalized campaigns in party-centred politics: Twitter and Facebook as arenas for political communication. In Enli, Gunn & Moe, Hallvard (Ed.), Social Media and Election Campaigns - Key Tendencies and Ways Forward. Routledge. ISSN 9781138930469. p. 119–135. doi: 10.1080/1369118x.2013.782330. Full text in Research Archive
• Enli, Gunn (2015). Politisk logikk eller medielogikk? - Norske partilederes strategier, imagebygging og autentisitet i sosiale medier :. Norsk medietidsskrift (NMT). ISSN 0804-8452. 22(3), p. 1–19. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Drawing on interviews with Norwegian party leaders and political staffers from the 2013 parliamentary campaigns about their strategies for social media, this article gives the first insight into why and how politicians and staffers use social media platforms such as Facebook and Twitter. The article analyses elite politician’s use of social media as a ‘middle-arena’, where the private and the political, journalism and political marketing, collide. Among key findings is that social media are regarded by the politicians as a way of bypassing media logics and journalistic sensationalism, but that they nevertheless use such strategies to gain visibility.

• Enli, Gunn & Bulck, Hilde van den (2014). Bye bye "Hello ladies?" In-vision announcers as continuity technique in a European postlinear television landscape: The case of flanders and Norway. Television & New Media. ISSN 1527-4764. 15(5), p. 453–469. doi: 10.1177/1527476412462143. Full text in Research Archive
• Enli, Gunn & Staksrud, Elisabeth (2013). PSB Serving Children. Past, Present and Future. In Carlsson, Ulla (Eds.), Public service media from a Nordic horizon : politics, markets, programming and users. Nordicom. ISSN 9789189471856. p. 117–130. Full text in Research Archive
• Enli, Gunn (2013). Defending Nordic Children Against Disney. PSB Children's Channels in the Age of Globalization. Nordicom Review. ISSN 1403-1108. 34(1), p. 77–90. doi: 10.2478/nor-2013-0044. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This article analyses the key strategies for serving children that were developed in Nordic public broadcasting during the first decade of 2000s, with reference to US and European parallels. The main goal is to investigate how PSB serve the children audience in an age of global competition and media convergence, and to what degree children’s content is regarded as a key to legitimacy for public broadcasters. Based on document analysis, qualitative interviews, and programme analysis, the article explores the launch Norwegian PSB niche channel for children NRK Super, both as institutional strategy and as implemented in programming. This study demonstrates that a key PSB strategy for children’s content is to reflect national culture, language, and identity, and thus represent an alternative to global niche channels such as Disney and Nickelodeon. In addition, the NRK’s children’s content is also highly influenced by the PSB strategy to reflect “cultural pluralism” (NRK 2007). A key argument in the article is that in order to be considered as relevant for children in the culturally changing Nordic societies, the pubic service broadcasters need to provide original programming, which reflect national identity and culture without ignoring the increased multiculturalism and global influences on culture.

• Enli, Gunn & Skogerbø, Eli (2013). Personalized campaigns in party-centred politics. Information, Communication & Society. ISSN 1369-118X. 16(5), p. 757–774. doi: 10.1080/1369118X.2013.782330. Full text in Research Archive
• Enli, Gunn & Bulck, Hilde van den (2013). Flow under Pressure: Television Scheduling and Continuity Techniques as Victims of Media Convergence? Television & New Media. ISSN 1527-4764. p. 1–4. doi: 10.1177/1527476413505920. Full text in Research Archive
• Enli, Gunn; Moe, Hallvard; Sundet, Vilde Schanke & Syvertsen, Trine (2013). From fear of television to fear for television: five political debates about new technologies. Media History. ISSN 1368-8804. 19(2), p. 213–227. doi: 10.1080/13688804.2013.791420. Full text in Research Archive
• Enli, Gunn & Thumim, Nancy (2012). Socializing and Self-Representation online: Exploring Facebook. Observatorio (OBS*). 6(1), p. 87–105. Full text in Research Archive
• Enli, Gunn (2012). From parasocial interaction to social TV: Analysing the host–audience relationship in multi-platform productions. Northern Lights: Film & Media Studies Yearbook. ISSN 1601-829X. 10(1), p. 123–137. doi: 10.1386/nl.10.1.123_1. Full text in Research Archive
• Enli, Gunn & Trappel, Josef (2011). Online Media: Changing Provision of News. In Trappel, Josef (Eds.), Media in Europe Today. Intellect Ltd.. ISSN 9781841504032. p. 97–115. Full text in Research Archive
• Enli, Gunn (2011). Ramin-Osmundsen går av : historien om en politisk skandale. Norsk medietidsskrift (NMT). ISSN 0804-8452. 18(2), p. 120–139. Full text in Research Archive
• Enli, Gunn; D'Arma, Alessandro & Steemers, Jeanette (2010). Serving Children in Public Service Media. In Lowe, Gregory Ferrell (Eds.), The Public in Public Service Media. Nordicom. ISSN 9789189471948. p. 227–243. Full text in Research Archive
• Enli, Gunn (2010). La television estatal y la audiencia infantil en la era digital. Infoamerica communication review. ISSN 1696-2257. p. 81–93. Full text in Research Archive
• Enli, Gunn & McNair, Brian (2010). Trans-National Reality TV: A Comparative Study of the U.K.'s and Norway's Wife Swap. In Carpentier, Nico & Bowel, Sofie van (Ed.), Trans Reality Television. Lexington Books. ISSN 9780739131886. p. 205–277. Full text in Research Archive
• Enli, Gunn (2009). Mass Communication Tapping into Participatory Culture Exploring Strictly Come Dancing and Britain's Got Talent. European Journal of Communication. ISSN 0267-3231. 24(4), p. 481–493. doi: 10.1177/0267323109345609. Full text in Research Archive

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• Bruns, Axel; Enli, Gunn; Larsson, Anders Olof; Robinson, Jessica Yarin; Bosch, Tanja & Kasianenko, Kateryna (2026). The Routledge Companion to Social Media and Politics, 2nd Edition. Routledge. ISBN 9781003359524. 604 p. doi: 10.4324/9781003359524. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This updated and expanded second edition brings together cutting-edge research across six continents to provide a comprehensive, global, up-to-date review of political uses of social media. In its 32 chapters, this second edition of The Routledge Companion to Social Media and Politics covers the good, the bad, and the as yet uncertain of current developments in the uses of social media in political contexts, ten years on from the first book. It is organised into six sections: Concepts, Challenges, Policies, Problems, Platforms, and Possibilities, each featuring chapters by leading researchers in the field that address these themes from a wide variety of viewpoints. This edition arrives at a new critical point: generative AI and other emerging technologies may either accelerate the crises of disinformation, polarisation, and democratic decline, or open new spaces for civic innovation, regulation, and accountability. The politics of digital platforms remain unsettled, and this Companion provides a critical map of the present while pointing to the possibilities and futures that will define the next decade of social media and politics. At a time when the politics of social media use remain unsettled, this comprehensive collection is an essential reference for academic communities in areas ranging from media and communication studies through internet studies and journalism studies to political science, and may be used by researchers as well as teachers and students in these respective fields. Chapters 3, 15 and 26 of this book are freely available as downloadable Open Access PDFs at https://www.taylorfrancis.com under a Creative Commons [Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CC BY-NC-ND)] 4.0 International license.

• Bruns, Axel; Enli, Gunn; Skogerbø, Eli; Larsson, Anders Olof & Christensen, Christian (2016). The Routledge Companion to Social Media and Politics. Routledge. ISBN 9781138860766. 538 p. Full text in Research Archive
• Enli, Gunn (2015). Mediated authenticity : how the media constructs reality. Peter Lang Publishing Group. ISBN 9781433114854. 164 p. Full text in Research Archive
• Enli, Gunn & Moe, Hallvard (2015). Social Media and Election Campaigns - Key Tendencies and Ways Forward. Routledge. ISBN 9781138930469. 150 p. Full text in Research Archive
• Syvertsen, Trine; Enli, Gunn; Mjøs, Ole Johan & Moe, Hallvard (2014). The Media Welfare State. Nordic Media in the Digital Era. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 9780472052158. 156 p. Full text in Research Archive
• Enli, Gunn; Moe, Hallvard; Sundet, Vilde Schanke & Syvertsen, Trine (2010). TV - en innføring. Universitetsforlaget. ISBN 9788215016290. 286 p. Full text in Research Archive

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• Enli, Gunn & Syvertsen, Trine (2024). Digitox kommer på arbeidslunsj. Full text in Research Archive
• Enli, Gunn; Syvertsen, Trine & Spjeldnæs, Kari Johanne (2024). Kampen om oppmerksomheten: Forskning om oppmerksomhetsøkonomi og digital frakobling. Full text in Research Archive
• Syvertsen, Trine & Enli, Gunn (2024). Kitchen-table society: Samtaler om teknologi. Full text in Research Archive
• Enli, Gunn (2024). The party is back: rise in European music festivals banning smartphones. [Internet]. The Guardian. Full text in Research Archive
• Enli, Gunn (2024). Mindre mobilbruk på konserter. [TV]. NRK Dagsrevyen. Full text in Research Archive
• Syvertsen, Trine & Enli, Gunn (2024). Flere festivaler melder om mindre mobilbruk. [Internet]. NRK. Full text in Research Archive
• Syvertsen, Trine; Enli, Gunn & Spjeldnæs, Kari Johanne (2023). Kampen om oppmerksomheten: Digital frakobling, lesing og konsentrasjon, og politiske løsninger. Full text in Research Archive
• Syvertsen, Trine; Enli, Gunn & Moe, Hallvard (2023). The Dark Side of the Media Welfare State: How Research and Politics Ignored Consumption and Climate Change. Full text in Research Archive
• Enli, Gunn; Fast, Karin; Spjeldnæs, Kari Johanne & Syvertsen, Trine (2023). Kampen om oppmerksomheten og digital frakobling. Full text in Research Archive
• Syvertsen, Trine & Enli, Gunn (2023). Co-organiser of PRECONFERENCE: Key Themes in Digital Disconnection Research: Authenticity, Wellness, Datafication and Power. Full text in Research Archive
• Syvertsen, Trine; Enli, Gunn & Spjeldnæs, Kari Johanne (2023). Digital frakobling - forskningspresentasjon for lærere. Full text in Research Archive
• Enli, Gunn; Syvertsen, Trine & Spjeldnæs, Kari Johanne (2023). Digitox: Forskningsformidling til lærere. Full text in Research Archive
• Enli, Gunn; Fast, Karin; Spjeldnæs, Kari Johanne & Syvertsen, Trine (2023). Kampen om oppmerksomheten og digital frakobling. Full text in Research Archive
• Enli, Gunn (2022). Digitale forstyrrelser – et nytt politikkfelt eller individets problem? Full text in Research Archive
• Syvertsen, Trine & Enli, Gunn (2022). Informasjonsoverflod og digital søppel. Full text in Research Archive
• Syvertsen, Trine; Enli, Gunn & Spjeldnæs, Kari J. (2022). Nettfri dag: Les uten forstyrrelser. Full text in Research Archive
• Syvertsen, Trine; Enli, Gunn; You, Yukun & Spjeldnæs, Kari J. (2022). Les uten mobil! Full text in Research Archive
• Tønnesson, Johan Laurits & Enli, Gunn (2021). Johan Tønnesson og Iris Furu om klarspråkstudiers relevans i arbeidslivet. [Radio]. Undervisningsplikten podcast. Full text in Research Archive
• Enli, Gunn (2021). Det politikerne ikke er så opptatt av. [Journal]. Dagens Perspektiv. Full text in Research Archive
• Enli, Gunn (2021). Vi trenger politikere som vil jobbe for digital selvråderett. [Journal]. Morgenbladet. Full text in Research Archive
• Enli, Gunn; Mamelund, Svenn-Erik & Hansen, Marianne Nordli (2021). Klasse i akademia: Med Svenn-Erik Mamelund og Marianne Nordli Hansen. [Radio]. Undervisningsplikten. Full text in Research Archive
• Fast, Karin & Enli, Gunn (2021). Digital distancing – as good as it gets?: A study of political work and life under the (dis)connectivity imperatives. Full text in Research Archive
• Enli, Gunn (2020). Må undervisningen bli som Netflix og Snapchat? [Radio]. Undervisningsplikten - podcast. Full text in Research Archive
• Enli, Gunn (2020). Hva kan universitetet lære av mediebedriftene? [Radio]. Undervisningsplikten - podcast. Full text in Research Archive
• Enli, Gunn (2020). Kampen om konsentrasjonen. [Radio]. Undervisningsplikten - podcast. Full text in Research Archive
• Enli, Gunn (2020). Digital revolusjon og psykisk lykke. [Radio]. Undervisningsplikten - podcast. Full text in Research Archive
• Enli, Gunn (2020). Hjemme-alene undervisning: Hvordan blir "generasjon skjermstudent"? [Radio]. Undervisningsplikten - podcast. Full text in Research Archive
• Enli, Gunn (2020). The view from Venus, podcast: Digital detox with Gunn Enli. [Radio]. The View from Venus. Full text in Research Archive
• Spjeldnæs, Kari J. & Enli, Gunn (2020). Kampen om konsentrasjonen. [Radio]. Undervisningsplikten - podcast. Full text in Research Archive
• Enli, Gunn (2020). Makt og muligheter i en digital verden. [Radio]. Undervisningsplikten - podcast. Full text in Research Archive
• Enli, Gunn (2019). Perfekt-effekten. [Journal]. Aftenposten. Full text in Research Archive
• Enli, Gunn & Jensenius, Alexander Refsum (2019). Mikroutdanninger gir nye muligheter for videreutdanning. Full text in Research Archive
• Frølich, Nicoline; Mangset, Marte; Teigen, Mari; Liestøl, Knut; Enli, Gunn & Christensen, Lina (2019). Endelig likestilling? Ikke ennå. [Journal]. Forskerforum.no. Full text in Research Archive
• Enli, Gunn (2017). Persuasive Attacks on Donald Trump in the 2016 Presidential Primary. Presidential Studies Quarterly. ISSN 0360-4918. Full text in Research Archive
• Kalsnes, Bente; Larsson, Anders Olof & Enli, Gunn (2016). The social media logic of political interaction: Exploring citizens€ and politician relationships on Facebook and Twitter. Full text in Research Archive
• Enli, Gunn & Moe, Hallvard (2015). Introduction: Social Media and Election Campaigns: Key Tendencies and Ways Forward. In Enli, Gunn & Moe, Hallvard (Ed.), Social Media and Election Campaigns - Key Tendencies and Ways Forward. Routledge. ISSN 9781138930469. p. 1–10. Full text in Research Archive
• Syvertsen, Trine & Enli, Gunn (2015). NRK. In Godal, Anne Marit (Eds.), Store norske leksikon (snl.no 2015). Store norske leksikon AS. Full text in Research Archive
• Enli, Gunn & Syvertsen, Trine (2015). Allmennkringkasting. In Godal, Anne Marit (Eds.), Store norske leksikon (snl.no 2015). Store norske leksikon AS. Full text in Research Archive
• Enli, Gunn (2015). P4. In Godal, Anne Marit (Eds.), Store norske leksikon (snl.no 2015). Store norske leksikon AS. Full text in Research Archive
• Enli, Gunn (2015). Sosiale medier i valgkamp og politisk debatt. Full text in Research Archive
• Enli, Gunn (2015). Politisk kommentator ved lokalvalget 2015. [Journal]. Asker og Bærums Budstikke . Full text in Research Archive
• Larsson, Anders Olof; Kalsnes, Bente; Moe, Hallvard; Skogerbø, Eli & Enli, Gunn (2013). Twitter Use during the 2013 Norwegian Elections – Some Initial Insights. Full text in Research Archive
• Larsson, Anders Olof & Enli, Gunn (2013). Flinkiser på Twitter og FB. [Journal]. Aftenposten. Full text in Research Archive
• Enli, Gunn & Moe, Hallvard (2013). Introduction to special issue: Social media and election campaigns – key tendencies and ways forward. Information, Communication & Society. ISSN 1369-118X. 16(5), p. 637–645. doi: 10.1080/1369118X.2013.784795. Full text in Research Archive
• Syvertsen, Trine; Enli, Gunn; Mjøs, Ole Johan & Moe, Hallvard (2013). The Media Welfare State: The Informational, Cultural and Democratic Safety Net of the Nordic Model? Full text in Research Archive
• Syvertsen, Trine; Enli, Gunn; Mjøs, Ole Johan & Moe, Hallvard (2013). The Media Welfare State: Nordic Media in the Era of Globalization. Full text in Research Archive
• Enli, Gunn & Skogerbø, Eli (2012). A New Device in the Toolbox The Role of Social Media in Norwegian Election Campaigns. Full text in Research Archive
• Enli, Gunn & Saura, Laura Berges (2011). Commercial Television: Business in Transition. In Trappel, Josef (Eds.), Media in Europe Today. Intellect Ltd.. ISSN 9781841504032. p. 79–97. Full text in Research Archive
• Enli, Gunn & Ihlebæk, Karoline Andrea (2011). 'Dancing with the audience': Administrating vote-ins in public and commercial broadcasting. Media, Culture and Society. ISSN 0163-4437. 33(6), p. 953–962. doi: 10.1177/0163443711412299. Full text in Research Archive
• Enli, Gunn; Moe, Hallvard; Sundet, Vilde Schanke & Syvertsen, Trine (2010). NRK gjør TV stuerent. Full text in Research Archive

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