Christian-Emil Smith Ore

• Ore, Christian-Emil Smith & Grønvik, Oddrun (2024). The Spoken Word as Represented in Norsk Ordbok. In Despot, Kristina Š.; Ostroški, Anić Ana & Brač, Ivana (Ed.), Lexicography and Semantics. Institut za hrvatski jezik. ISSN 9789537967772. p. 504–519. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Spoken language is the prerequisite of written standard languages for living language communities. Yet written sources dominate lexicographic description of standard languages, and awareness of dictionaries that specifically source speech seems limited. In Norsk Ordbok (The Norwegian Dictionary), and in the Language Collections on which the dictionary is based, oral materials are perceived as input to the national language Nynorsk, written or spoken. The purpose is integration into one whole, not a series of parallel lexical registers. Legitimacy is aimed at by explicit sourcing of linguistic information, whether from speech or literature. This paper looks at how speech is sourced within the entries of the dictionary Norsk Ordbok (NO), particularly at the sourcing of definitions. Explicit sourcing of speech in connection with definitions facilitates investigating the contribution of speech materials to Norsk Ordbok as a whole, and if and how the differences between speech and written text is reflected in Norsk Ordbok.

• Katsianis, Markos; Bruseker, George; Nenova, Denitsa; Marlet, Olivier; Hivert, Florian & Hiebel, Gerald [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2023). Semantic Modelling of Archaeological Excavation Data. A review of the current state of the art and a roadmap of activities. Internet Archaeology. doi: 10.11141/ia.64.12. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Archaeological data repositories usually manage excavation data collections as project-level entities with restricted capacities to facilitate search or aggregation of excavation data at the sub-collection level (trenches, finds, season reports or excavation diaries etc.). More granular access to excavation data collections would enable layered querying across their informational content. In the past decade, several attempts to adapt CIDOC CRM in order to provide more explicit descriptions of the excavation universe have resulted in the use of domain-specific model extensions (e.g. CRMarchaeo, CRMsci, CRMba). Each focuses on corresponding aspects of the excavation research process, while their combined usage has potential to support expressive data mappings at the sub-collection level. As part of the ARIADNEplus project, several CIDOC CRM developers and domain experts have collaborated to undertake conceptual mapping exercises, to address the practicalities of bringing excavation data descriptions together and to link these to our overall aspirations in terms of excavation data discoverability and reusability. In this contribution, we discuss the current state and future directions of the field of semantic representation of archaeological excavation data and consider several issues that constrain the applicability of existing solutions. We identify five key enabling technologies or research areas (Conceptual models and semantic data structures, Conceptual modelling patterns, Data mapping workflows and tools, Learning technologies and Semantic queries) and assign readiness levels to assess their level of technological maturity. Our research demonstrates that while the existing models and domain-specific extensions are deemed adequate, there is a need for more user-friendly methods and tools to structure data in meaningful and interoperable ways. The next steps involve consolidating relevant semantic structures, improving modelling implementation guidance, adhering to consistent workflows, developing engaging curricula, and documenting real-case examples to demonstrate the benefits and results of semantic data integration.

• Grønvik, Oddrun; Ore, Christian-Emil Smith & Minde, Trond (2023). Eit ikon møter ein fullformgenerator. Om Ivar Aasens Norsk Ordbog med dansk Forklaring (1873). In Holmer, Louise; Horn, Greta; Landqvist, Hans; Nilsson, Pär; Nordgren, Eva & Sköldberg, Emma (Ed.), Nordiska studier i lexikografi 16. Rapport från 16:e konferensen om lexikografi i Norden, Lund 27–29 april 2022. Nordiska föreningen för lexikografi i samarbete med Meijerbergs institut för svensk etymologisk forskning. ISSN 9789198679168. p. 67–83. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Nordiska studier i lexikografi 16 rapporterar från den 16:e konferensen i lexikografi, som genomfördes i Lund 27–29 april 2022. Volymen innehåller 30 bidrag som bygger på inlägg från konferensen i form av plenarföreläsningar, sektionsföredrag och posterpresentationer. Artiklarna spänner innehållsligt över ett brett fält, men samtliga anlägger någon form av lexikografiskt perspektiv. Flera av dem anknyter till konferensens tema Lexikografiska utmaningar. Merparten av bidragen är författade på danska, norska eller svenska, men ett mindre antal är skrivna på engelska.

• Ore, Christian-Emil Smith; Grønvik, Oddrun & Minde, Trond (2023). Et fullformsystem for analyse av eldre tekst på tidlig nynorsk, bygd på Aasen-normalen. In Holmer, Louise; Horn, Greta; Landqvist, Hans; Nilsson, Pär; Nordgren, Eva & Sköldberg, Emma (Ed.), Nordiska studier i lexikografi 16. Rapport från 16:e konferensen om lexikografi i Norden, Lund 27–29 april 2022. Nordiska föreningen för lexikografi i samarbete med Meijerbergs institut för svensk etymologisk forskning. ISSN 9789198679168. p. 267–279. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Nordiska studier i lexikografi 16 rapporterar från den 16:e konferensen i lexikografi, som genomfördes i Lund 27–29 april 2022. Volymen innehåller 30 bidrag som bygger på inlägg från konferensen i form av plenarföreläsningar, sektionsföredrag och posterpresentationer. Artiklarna spänner innehållsligt över ett brett fält, men samtliga anlägger någon form av lexikografiskt perspektiv. Flera av dem anknyter till konferensens tema Lexikografiska utmaningar. Merparten av bidragen är författade på danska, norska eller svenska, men ett mindre antal är skrivna på engelska.

• Ore, Christian-Emil Smith (2022). Språkrådets tilskuddsordning for å ta vare på lokale navn – bakgrunn for tiltaket og status etter seks år. Namn og Nemne. ISSN 0800-4684. 39, p. 177–192. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In Norway, onomastic fieldwork and the study of place names have a tradition back to the 19th c. In 20th c. numerous field work campaigns were undertaken and extensive collections were created. The last large project ended almost 40 years ago. This fact and the Norwegian ratification of the UNESCO charter for the protection of intangible cultural heritage in 2007, prompted the Norwegian Cultural Ministry to launch a funding scheme for the collection of local place names. The paper discusses the context for this decision. A digital registration system was ready in 2016 and in the same year, the first projects were funded. In the paper, the registered data are analysed and the experiences with the system are discussed. The database currently contains 126 000 detailed registrations. This is a substantial number, and the project can be considered a success. On the other hand, the number could have been higher. A reason for this is the lack of a good and user-friendly search interface and a nationwide organization taking care of datasets from onomastic fieldwork.

• Ore, Christian-Emil Smith; Grønvik, Oddrun & Minde, Trond (2022). Word banks, dictionaries and research results by the roadside. In Klosa-Kückelhaus, Annette; Engelberg, Stefan; Möhrs, Christine & Storjohann, Petra (Ed.), Dictionaries and Society Proceedings of the XX EURALEX International Congress,12-16 July 2022, Mannheim, Germany. IDS-Verlag · Leibniz-Institut für Deutsche Sprache. ISSN 9783937241876. p. 321–333. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Many European languages have undergone considerable changes in orthography over the last 150 years. This hampers the application of modern computer-based analysers to older text, and hence computer-based annotation and studies of text collections spanning a long period. As a step towards a functional analyser for Norwegian texts (Nynorsk standard) from the 19th century, funding was granted in 2020 for creating a full form generator for all inflected forms of headwords found in Ivar Aasen’s dictionary published in 1873 (Aasen 1873) and his grammar from 1864 (Aasen 1864). Creating this word bank led to new insight in Aasen (1873), its structure, internal organisation, and ambition level as well as its link to Aasen (1864). As a test, the full form list generated from this new word bank was used to analyse the word inventory of texts by Aa. O. Vinje, written in the period 1850–1870. The Vinje texts were also analysed using a full form list of modern standard Norwegian, to study the differences in applicability and see how Vinje’s language relates to the written standard of modern Norwegian.

• Ore, Christian-Emil Smith (2020). Å ta Hans Ross på ordet: Ross' ordbok i relasjon til Aasens med Metaordboka som verktøy. In Sandström, Caroline; Forsberg, Ulla-Maija; Hällström-Reijonen, Charlotta af; Lehtonen, Maria & Ruppel, Klaas (Ed.), Nordiska studier i lexikografi, Rapport från 15 konferensen om lexikografi i Norden. Nordisk föreningen för lexicografi. ISSN 9789527359037. p. 253–264. Full text in Research Archive
• Ore, Christian-Emil Smith & Grønvik, Oddrun (2020). Studying language change through indexed and interlinked dictionaries. In Gavriilidou, Zoe; Mitsiaki, Maria & Fliatouras, Asmakis (Ed.), Lexicography for Inclusion, Euralex 2021. Euralex. ISSN 9786188513815. p. 321–330. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In this paper we present our study how to use the Meta Dictionary of the Norwegian Language Collections to measure lexical stability in standard dictionaries across a timespan. The Meta Dictionary uses the lexical item as its core unit, expressing each lexical unit in a separate Meta Dictionary entry. The success of this model rests on having access to electronic versions of major and generally accepted dictionaries from the different stages of the orthography of a language. With this documentation it is possible to see, for instance, how much and which parts of the 1873 lexicon (Norwegian vernacular) is present in modern Nynorsk and Bokmål respectively, and whether this lexicon is present in its original orthography or not. This method for studies of the lexical development is comparable to remote sensing in archaeology and distant reading in literary studies. As an extended example of the application of the method we study a few issues related to the position of the pioneering lexicographers Ivar Aasen (1813-1896) and Hans Ross (1831-1912) in the description of Nynorsk, as shown in more recent lexicographical works, and in particular in two school dictionaries from 1954 and 1970 which border on being spellers.

• Ore, Christian-Emil Smith & Uleberg, Espen (2019). The ADED project - a Norwegian infrastructure for excavation data. In Niccolucci, Franco & Richards, Julian (Ed.), The ARIADNE impact. Archaeolingua. ISSN 9786155766312. p. 123–134. Full text in Research Archive
• Kosem, Iztok; Lew, Robert; Müller-Spitzer, Carolin; Silveira, Maria Ribeiro; Wolfer, Sascha & Dorn, Amelie [Show all 59 contributors for this article] (2019). The Image of the Monolingual Dictionary Across Europe. Results of the European Survey of Dictionary use and Culture. International Journal of Lexicography. ISSN 0950-3846. 32(1), p. 92–114. doi: 10.1093/ijl/ecy022. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The article presents the results of a survey on dictionary use in Europe, focusing on general monolingual dictionaries. The survey is the broadest survey of dictionary use to date, covering close to 10,000 dictionary users (and non-users) in nearly thirty countries. Our survey covers varied user groups, going beyond the students and translators who have tended to dominate such studies thus far. The survey was delivered via an online survey platform, in language versions specific to each target country. It was completed by 9,562 respondents, over 300 respondents per country on average. The survey consisted of the general section, which was translated and presented to all participants, as well as country-specific sections for a subset of 11 countries, which were drafted by collaborators at the national level. The present report covers the general section.

• Ore, Christian-Emil Smith & Grønvik, Oddrun (2018). Comparing Orthographies in Space and Time through Lexicographic Resources. In Čibej, Jaka; Gorjanc, Vojko; Kosem, Iztok & Krek, Simon (Ed.), Proceedings of the XVIII EURALEX International Congress: Lexicography in Global Contexts. Založba Univerze v Ljubljani (UL). ISSN 9789610600978. p. 159–172. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Many languages require an improved factual basis to facilitate computer-supported analysis of language variation and diachronic change. The material collections for the scholarly dictionaries of Norway serve as a platform for exploring the development and variation of Bokmål, the Norwegian written standard derived from Danish and modified towards the Norwegian vernacular through orthographic reforms that took place from 1901 to 2005. The development of modern Bokmål through usage should be analyzed by comparing corpora from different periods, lemmatized according to the then current orthography. This means building full form registers from time-bound orthographies. This plan is in process through digitizing orthographic dictionaries for Bokmål. The dictionaries are coordinated through the Dictionary Hotel, the electronic repository for retro digitized dictionaries and dialect collections at the Norwegian Language Collections, Bergen. At the lexical item level Bokmål and Nynorsk resources are coordinated through the Meta Dictionary, an electronic registry for the Norwegian lexicon. A common entry requires full identity in one headword form plus part-of-speech (POS). Preliminary results identify a core vocabulary for Bokmål of 6,900 lexical items, unchanged since 1938. More than 75,000 Meta Dictionary entries have a common identical form plus POS for Bokmål and Nynorsk. These numbers will increase when the Bokmål additions to the Meta Dictionary are quality controlled.

• Ore, Christian-Emil Smith (2018). Oceans of Data: Creating a Safe Haven for Information. In Matsumoto, Mieko & Uleberg, Espen (Ed.), Oceans of data. Proceedings of the 44th Annual Conference on Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology. Archaeopress. ISSN 9781784917302. p. 3–9. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The conference theme of CAA2016 was “Exploring Oceans of Data”, hinting at the vast amount of digital data resulting from digitisation projects and from all kind of electronic measuring gadgets used to document excavations and surveys. The digital data are much more fragile than paper and can easily evaporate. The last decade we have been told to avoid information islands and the slogan has been “Open the data silos”. Is it easier to find a needle in an enormous haystack than in many small? If we are satisfied with the result lists of the google-type answer, it is a clear yes. If we want to build scientific data sets which may be aggregated into larger data sets, we need common authority systems and ontologies for data integration. Archaeology is neither library nor archival science, but methods for construction, curation and reuse of archaeological data sets must be the main focus. Standardised conceptual data models can ease curation and secure long term reusability and will not impose a straitjacket on research.

• Ore, Christian-Emil Smith & Grønvik, Oddrun (2018). Bokmål og nynorsk samindeksert - Metaordboka som verktøy for jamføring og utforsking av ordtilfang. In Svavarsdóttir, Ásta; Jónsdóttir, Halldóra; Hilmisdóttir, Helga & Úlfarsdóttir, Þórdís (Ed.), Nordiske Studier i Leksikografi 14, Rapport fra 14. Konference om Leksikografi i Norden Reykjavík 30. maj -2. juni 2017. Nordisk forening for leksikografi. ISSN 9789979654483. p. 87–95. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Bokmål og nynorsk gir som skriftmål hver sin innfallsport til norsk språkbruk og skriftkultur. Enten en ser bokmål og nynorsk som to ulike skriftmål eller som to ulike skriftlige uttrykk for norsk talemål, så er de nærstående skriftspråkstandarder, og utgjør til sammen den skriftspråklige rammen som folk i Norge lever innenfor, med et historisk spenn fra dansk (før 1907) til Aasen-normalen (uttrykt i oppslagsordformen i Aasens Norsk Ordbog fra 1873). Formålet med arbeidet som er beskrevet i denne artikkelen, er å legge til rette for en systematisk undersøkelse av skriftmålsutviklingen i norsk på 1900-tallet. Dersom en skal kunne uttale seg med en rimelig grad av sikkerhet om resultatene av norsk språkpolitikk etter 1900, må det foreligge språksamlinger som samordner både primærkilder og sekundærkilder for begge målformer på ordnivå.

• Ore, Christian-Emil Smith & Eide, Øyvind (2018). Ontologies and Data modelling. In Flanders, Julia & Jannidis, Fotis (Ed.), The Shape of Data in Digital Humanities. Modeling Texts and Text-based Resources.. Routledge. ISSN 9781472443243. p. 178–196. Full text in Research Archive
• Ore, Christian-Emil Smith (2017). Norsk Ordbok digital. In Kjelsvik, Bjørghild; Ore, Christian-Emil Smith; Vikør, Lars Sigurdsson; Wetås, Åse & Worren, Dagfinn (Ed.), Målreising og morsmålsdokumentasjon. Heidersskrift til Oddrun Grønvik ved 70-årsleitet. Novus Forlag. ISSN 9788270998890. p. 85–95. Full text in Research Archive
• Ore, Christian-Emil Smith & Grønvik, Oddrun (2017). What should the electronic dictionary do for you - and how? In Kjelsvik, Bjørghild; Ore, Christian-Emil Smith; Vikør, Lars Sigurdsson; Wetås, Åse & Worren, Dagfinn (Ed.), Målreising og morsmålsdokumentasjon. Heidersskrift til Oddrun Grønvik ved 70-årsleitet. Novus Forlag. ISSN 9788270998890. p. 97–119. Full text in Research Archive
• Ore, Christian-Emil Smith (2017). Edisjonsfilologi, fjernlesning og digitale utgaver. In Henrikson, Paula; Malm, Mats & Söderlund, Petra (Ed.), Textkritik som analysemetod. Bidrag till en konferens anordnad av Nordiskt Nätverk för Editionsfilologer 2-4 oktober 2015. Svenska vitterhetssamfundet. ISSN 9789172301870. p. 26–44. Full text in Research Archive
• Ore, Christian-Emil Smith (2017). Digitization and Preservation of Cultural Heritage Information – A Nordic focus. In Franz, Birgit & Vinkel, Gerhard (Ed.), Das Digitale und die Denkmalpflege, Veröffentlichungen des Arbeitskreises Theorie und Lehre der Denkmalpflege e.V., Bd. 26. Verlag Mitzkat Holzminden. ISSN 9783959540308. p. 140–149. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The paper gives an overview of the digitization of cultural heritage and the current status of digital cultural heritage information in the three Nordic countries of Denmark, Norway and Sweden. Cultural heritage is a very broad term which includes libraries and archives. The main focus is on cultural history museums and archaeological sites and monuments. Physical cultural heritage and the available knowledge about it is under threat from deliberate destruction and general neglect, but above all from the pressure of constant development of lands and cities. Thus it is important to do proper documenta tion while this is still possible and to ensure that sites, monuments and finds have suf- ficient legal protect ion. In Denmark and Sweden, cultural heritage legislation has a tradition going back to the 17th century. In Norway the first law protecting tangible cultural heritage was passed by parliament in 1905. The current legislation is quite similar in all three countries. Denmark and Sweden have a more centralized public sector than does Norway. Denmark has the most centralized information system for dealing with cultural heritage. Its new SARA system could serve as a model for Norway and Sweden, but SARA may not solve the problem of cultural heritage information ‘disappearing’ in modern administrative archival systems. This is a complex problem that calls for changes in archival procedures. Paradoxically, the increasing decentralization of the administration of cultural heritage requires that information systems be harmonized by some central authority. To achieve a meaningful integration of digital data, it is necessary to make the data linkable by using common ontologies as “semantic glue”. Digital data can easily be lost, as the history of digital excavation demonstrates. There is a general problem of making data linkable both within institutions and between institutions, as well as across the countries of Scandinavia. The history of those countries is a factor. Norway’s narrative of nation-building was in part founded on the conception of its union with Denmark as a dark period lasting 400 years. For Norway (as for Iceland), it has been important to recover medieval manuscripts and other historical objects from Denmark and Sweden as a part of the (re)building of the modern nation. After the Prussian-Danish war of 1864 there was a short period of active Scandinavianism, but it did not really take hold. These factors may be the reason why there are, unfortunately, no common websites or linked databases for the intertwined cultural heritage of the Nordic countries. The potential, however, is great.

• Grønvik, Oddrun & Ore, Christian-Emil Smith (2016). Nyskapinga i elektroniske ordbøker og språksamlingar. In Vikør, Lars Sigurdsson; Karlsen, Helene Urdland & Wetås, Åse (Ed.), Livet er æve, og evig er ordet. Festskrift til Norsk Ordbok 1930-2016. Det Norske Samlaget. ISSN 9788252190083. p. 132–141. Full text in Research Archive
• Ore, Christian-Emil Smith (2016). Gamle ordbøker og digitale utgaver. In Gudiksen, Asgerd & Hovmark, Henrik (Ed.), Nordiske Studier i Leksikografi 13 Rapport fra 13. Konference om Leksikografi i Norden København 19.-22. mai 2015. Nordisk forening for leksikografi. ISSN 9788799244768. p. 203–216. Full text in Research Archive
• Grønvik, Oddrun & Ore, Christian-Emil Smith (2014). Samvirket mellom ordbank og ordbok. In Fjeld, Ruth E Vatvedt & Hovdenak, Marit (Ed.), Nordiske studier i leksikografi 12. Rapport fra Konferanse om leksikografi i Norden Oslo 13.-16. august 2013. Novus Forlag. ISSN 9788270997633. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  I: Nordiske studier i leksikografi 12. Rapport fra Konferanse om leksikografi i Norden Oslo 13.-16. august 2013. Tilgjengeliggjort med tillatelse fra Novus Forlag.

• Ore, Christian-Emil Smith (2014). Computer'n og ordboka. In Almenningen, Olaf; Grønvik, Oddrun; Karlsen, Helene Urdland; Tandberg, Andreas; Vikør, Lars Sigurdsson & Wetås, Åse (Ed.), Frå A til Å. Veneskrift til Dagfinn Worren på 70-årsdagen 28. desember 2014. Novus Forlag. ISSN 9788270997923. Full text in Research Archive
• Wetås, Åse & Ore, Christian-Emil Smith (2014). Norsk Ordbok i den digitale tidsalderen. LexicoNordica. ISSN 0805-2735. p. 121–140. Full text in Research Archive
• Grønvik, Oddrun & Ore, Christian-Emil Smith (2013). What should the electronic dictionary do for you – and how? In Kosem, Iztok; Kallas, Jelena; Gantar, Polona; Krek, Simon; Langements, Margit & Tuulik, Maria (Ed.), Electronic lexicography in the 21st century: thinking outside the paper. Proceedings of the eLex 2013 conference, 17-19 October 2013, Tallinn, Estonia. •Eesti Keele Instituut. ISSN 9789619359402. p. 243–260. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Language is a common good and a common property. Access to information about language should be fast, easy, and intuitive. The electronic dictionary should therefore be a knowledge base with language as its access point, and with simple, yet rich access to (combinations of) linguistic and non-linguistic facts. One query frame and basic reading and writing skills must be enough to get meaningful results. This solution presupposes (1) a fine grained and systematic database format for dictionary storage and linkage to materials, and (2) a query system offering ease of access for inexperienced users. At the same time, lexicography must be able to prove itself trustworthy by offering access to sources both for usage and for normative decisions. The system described here is used for one academic multivolume dictionary and for standard monolingual students’ dictionaries. It is suited to lexicographical projects where source documentation has priority. The focus is on dictionaries integrated with other language resources and produced for the Web. Published in: Kosem, I., Kallas, J., Gantar, P., Krek, S., Langemets, M., Tuulik, M. (eds.) 2013. Electronic lexicography in the 21st century: thinking outside the paper. Proceedings of the eLex 2013 conference, 17-19 October 2013, Tallinn, Estonia. Ljubljana/Tallinn: Trojina, Institute for Applied Slovene Studies/Eesti Keele Instituut. Available by permission.

• Ore, Christian-Emil Smith (2012). Nettordbøker og Norsk Ordbok – hvordan etablere en vitenskapelig nettordbok. In Eaker, Birgit; Larsson, Lennart & Mattisson, Anki (Ed.), Nordiska studier i lexikografi 11. Rapport från Konferensen om lexikografi i Norden, Lund 24–27 maj 2011. Nordisk forening for leksikografi. ISSN 9789185333424. p. 486–499. Full text in Research Archive
• Holmen, Jon & Ore, Christian-Emil Smith (2010). Deducing event chronology in a cultural heritage documentation system. In Frischer, Bernard; Crawford, Jane Webb & Koller, David (Ed.), Making History Interactive. Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology (CAA). Proceedings of the 37th International Conference. Archaeopress. ISSN 9781407305561. Full text in Research Archive
• Holmen, Jon; Jordal, Ellen K Aasprang; Olsen, Stein Alexander & Ore, Christian-Emil Smith (2010). From XML-tagged Acquisition Catalogues to an Event-based Relational Database. In Niccolucci, Franco (Eds.), Beyond the artefact - Proceedings of. CAA2004 - Prato 13-17 April 2004. Archaeolingua. ISSN 9789639911109. Full text in Research Archive
• Ore, Christian-Emil Smith & Eide, Øyvind (2009). TEI and cultural heritage ontologies: Exchange of information? Literary & Linguistic Computing. ISSN 0268-1145. 24(2), p. 161–172. doi: 10.1093/llc/fqp010. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The content in information systems and virtual reconstructions in the cultural heritage sector is to a large degree directly based on information deduced from the study of texts. In many cases, even if the texts are available electronically, the links from the deduced facts to the original texts are not available and in many cases very costly to re-establish. Reproducibility of results is a core concept in text-based research as in all research. Thus, such links should be expressed explicitly in the systems and in accordance with the data standards developed in the fields of text encoding and conceptual modelling. To do this it is necessary to create a combined understanding of text encoding represented by the TEI guidelines and the understanding of conceptual models represented by initiatives like the CIDOC CRM and FRBRoo. In this article, we study a part of this complex by comparing the expressive power of the real world descriptions TEI P5 by mapping central parts of the CIDOC CRM onto TEI P5. It is clear that the TEI P5 has moved a great step in the direction towards an event-oriented model compared with TEI P4. Our use of CIDOC CRM as a yardstick shows that the expressiveness of TEI P5 can be greatly improved by extending the scope of very restricted elements like the relation element and adding a few new elements to the TEI.

• Ore, Christian-Emil Smith (2009). New digital assets - how to integrate them? In Vogeler, Georg (Eds.), Digitale Diplomatik Neue Technologien in der historischen Arbeit mit Urkunden. Böhlau. ISSN 9783412203498. Full text in Research Archive
• Eide, Øyvind; Felicetti, Achilles; Ore, Christian-Emil Smith; D'Andrea, Andrea & Holmen, Jon (2008). Encoding Cultural Heritage Information for the Semantic Web. Procedures for Data Integration through CIDOC-CRM Mapping. In Arnold, David; Gool, Luc Van; Niccolucci, Franco & Pletinckx, Daniel (Ed.), Open Digital Cultural Heritage Systems Conference. Archaeolingua. ISSN 9789639911253. p. 47–53. Full text in Research Archive
• Ore, Christian-Emil Smith & Ekker, Mette Gismerøy (2008). Norrøn metaordbok - en rapport fra en øvelse. Nordiske Studier i Leksikografi (NSL). ISSN 0803-9313. 10, p. 89–104. Full text in Research Archive
• Doerr, Martin; Ore, Christian-Emil Smith & Stead, Stephen (2007). The CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model - A New Standard for Knowledge Sharing. Conferences in Research and Practice in Information Technology. ISSN 1445-1336. 83, p. 51–56. Full text in Research Archive

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• Kjelsvik, Bjørghild; Ore, Christian-Emil Smith; Vikør, Lars Sigurdsson; Wetås, Åse & Worren, Dagfinn (2017). Målreising og morsmålsdokumentasjon. Heidersskrift til Oddrun Grønvik ved 70-årsleitet. Novus Forlag. ISBN 9788270998890. 282 p. Full text in Research Archive

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• Ore, Christian-Emil Smith (2023). CIDOC Conceptual Reference model - A theoretical and practical tool for information integration in the field of cultural heritage. Full text in Research Archive
• Ore, Christian-Emil Smith (2023). CIDOC CRMarchaeo. Full text in Research Archive
• Grønvik, Oddrun & Ore, Christian-Emil Smith (2023). Hosting the ALLEX Collections in Zimbabwe. Full text in Research Archive
• Ore, Christian-Emil Smith (2023). The ALLEX Legacy Data. Full text in Research Archive
• Grønvik, Oddrun; Ore, Christian-Emil Smith & Minde, Trond (2022). Eit ikon kategorisert gjennom ein fullformgenerator. Ivar Aasens Norsk Ordbog med dansk Forklaring. Full text in Research Archive
• Ore, Christian-Emil Smith & Holmen, Jon (2022). Målføresynopsen, Metaordboka og Norsk Ordbok som et hele. Full text in Research Archive
• Uleberg, Espen; Ore, Christian-Emil Smith; Dell’Unto, Nicolo; Callieri, Marco; Matsumoto, Mieko & Bonelli, Letizia [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2022). CREATING FAIR ARCHAEOLOGICAL DATA IN NORWAY. Full text in Research Archive
• Ore, Christian-Emil Smith; Grønvik, Oddrun & Minde, Trond (2022). Eit fullformsystem for analyse av eldre tekst på tidlig nynorsk, bygt på Aasen-normalen. Full text in Research Archive
• Ore, Christian-Emil Smith; Grønvik, Oddrun & Minde, Trond (2022). Et fullformsystem for analyse av eldre tekst på tidlig nynorsk, bygd på Aasen-normalen. Full text in Research Archive
• Nenova, Denitsa; Bruseker, George; Derudas, Paola; Hiebel, Gerald; Hivert, Florian & Katsianis, Markos [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2022). BRINGING EXCAVATION DATA TOGETHER. ARE WE THERE YET AND WHERE IS THAT? Full text in Research Archive
• Uleberg, Espen; Matsumoto, Mieko; Ore, Christian-Emil Smith & Kile-Vesik, Jakob Jan Edvin (2021). Linking datasets in Norway. Full text in Research Archive
• Uleberg, Espen; Matsumoto, Mieko; Kile-Vesik, Jakob Jan Edvin; Ore, Christian-Emil Smith; Dell'Unto, Nicoló & Bonelli, Letizia [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2021). Norwegian Unimus, Nordic Collections, and ARIADNEplus. Encouraging use and re-use of Collections, Excavation Documentation, and Museum Exhibits. Full text in Research Archive
• Ore, Christian-Emil Smith (2021). Språkrådets tilskuddsordning for å ta vare på lokale namn. En status. Full text in Research Archive
• Uleberg, Espen; Matsumoto, Mieko; Ore, Christian-Emil Smith & Kile-Vesik, Jakob Jan Edvin (2020). Sustainable Archaeological Data in Norway. Full text in Research Archive
• Uleberg, Espen; Matsumoto, Mieko; Ore, Christian-Emil Smith & Kile-Vesik, Jakob Jan Edvin (2019). Infrastructures for Archaeology in Norway. Full text in Research Archive
• Ore, Christian-Emil Smith (2019). Cultural Heritage objects, linking their context by ontologies and the FAIR3 data principles What have the DH to offer, based on the CIDOC-CRM and TEI? Full text in Research Archive
• Ore, Christian-Emil Smith; Eide, Øyvind & Niknia, Massoomeh (2018). Connecting Iranian excavation reports and museum information to cultural heritage information systems. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Connecting Iranian excavation reports and museum information to cultural heritage information systems Massoomeh Niknia¹, Øyvind Eide², Christian-Emil Ore3 ¹ Kharazmi University, No.43.South Mofatteh Ave, 14911 – 15719, Tehran, Iran ² Digital Humanities — Historisch-Kulturwissenschaftliche Informationsverarbeitung, Universität zu Köln, Albertus-Magnus-Platz, 50931 Köln, Germany 3 ILN/EDD, University of Oslo, Postboks 1123 Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway niknia.m@gmail.com Abstract. Iran has a rich tradition of archaeological material. Excavation reports comprise one of the most important types of grey archaeological publications. Based on previous works starting in the 1990's we describe two methodologies for extracting information from excavation reports: • Manually encoding the reports into XML documents and then extracting information from the encoded reports. • Automatically extracting information directly from the reports. The basis for both methods is various types of elements seen as valuable for future use of excavation reports, based on local experience and international standards. These two methods not only lead to different levels of reproducibility, but also lead to different needs for human resources investment. We will discuss how data sets established using these two methods can be imported into CIDOC CRM compatible databases. The first method has already been employed and hopefully we will be able to show results also from the second method in time for the conference. The main objective of this study is to provide a solution to the organisation of excavation reports in a standard way so that it opens up for exchange of data between domestic institutions as well as at the international level. The state of the art international solution in this field, CIDOC CRM, has been under-utilised in Iran until now. This study investigates the application of this ontology. Extensions of CIDOC CRM, including CRMarchaeo, will also be explored to find out to which extent they serve our need and if there are issues to be addressed. Keywords: Iranian Excavation Reports, CIDOC CRM, CRMarchaeo, Cultural Heritage Information Systems

• Ore, Christian-Emil Smith (2018). FAIR3 principles and the context in archeology. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In archeology, a major issue the last 10-15 years has been to rescue, preserve and give access to the data sets from archeological excavations. The EU infrastructure project, ARIADNE, has been a driving force in this work. As a result, a very large number of archaeological datasets are now accessible. It is a goal to apply the FAIR principles from e-science to these archaeological datasets. Still there is a huge number of data sets, which has been definitely lost or is not accessible or reusable. It is also an issue that too often there are only weak links between the excavation and the data sets on the one hand and the museum collections (find repositories), site and monument registries and publications on the other. To strengthen the FAIRness (https://libereurope.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/LIBER-FAIR-Data.pdf) of the datasets such links have to be strengthened or at least established. In Norway a new infrastructure project, ADED (Archaeological Digital Excavation Documentation) was launched in 2018 with the objective to create a repository for data sets and establish the aforementioned links. In this infrastructure, the CIDOC-CRM suite will be applied as semanti

• Ore, Christian-Emil Smith (2018). : ICOM-CiDOC’s conceptual models (CIDOC-CRM) for information integration — The use of the CIDOC-CRM suite of models as semantic glue in the Norwegian infrastructure project ADED (Archaeological Digital Excavation Documentation). Full text in Research Archive
• Ore, Christian-Emil Smith (2017). Linkable data, linked data, Text Encoding and the need for well-defined conceptual models in the Digital Humanities. Full text in Research Archive
• Ore, Christian-Emil Smith (2016). Digitization and preservation of Cultural Heritage information, a Nordic focus. Full text in Research Archive
• Ore, Christian-Emil Smith (2016). Ocean of information. Full text in Research Archive
• Ore, Christian-Emil Smith (2015). Gamle ordbøker og digitale utgaver. Full text in Research Archive
• Ore, Christian-Emil Smith (2015). CIDOC CRM/ FRBR00++: Museum documentation and documentation of intangible cultural heritage. Full text in Research Archive
• Ore, Christian-Emil Smith & Eide, Øyvind (2015). Describing Humanities Objects by Ontologies What have the DH to offer, based on the CIDOC-CRM and TEI. Full text in Research Archive
• Ore, Christian-Emil Smith (2015). VRE and the design of a virtual center for medieval studies in a wider historical context. Full text in Research Archive
• Ore, Christian-Emil Smith (2015). Digitalisering, museer og samlinger. Full text in Research Archive
• Ore, Christian-Emil Smith (2015). Edisjonsfilologi og fjernlesning (statistiske metoder). Full text in Research Archive
• Ore, Christian-Emil Smith (2014). Medieval Nordic Text Archive – Menota: An on-line archive and corpus for Medieval texts in the vernacular languages and Latin in the Nordic Countries. Full text in Research Archive
• Wetås, Åse & Ore, Christian-Emil Smith (2014). Den store ordboka som digital ressurs: Norsk Ordbok i den digitale tidsalderen. Full text in Research Archive
• Brække, Jonas; Grønvik, Oddrun & Ore, Christian-Emil Smith (2014). Kan stanse salg av ordbok. Undersak: Anklaget for tjenesteforsømmelse. [Journal]. Klassekampen. Full text in Research Archive
• Grønvik, Oddrun & Ore, Christian-Emil Smith (2013). Samvirket mellom ordbank og ordbok, og spørsmålet om namn på delane. Full text in Research Archive
• Ore, Christian-Emil Smith & Grønvik, Oddrun (2013). Tekstkorpus som kilde for utvalg av oppslagsord. Full text in Research Archive
• Grønvik, Oddrun & Ore, Christian-Emil Smith (2013). IKT-styrt samvirke mellom ordbank og ordbok, og spørsmålet om nemningar for kategoriane. Full text in Research Archive
• Ore, Christian-Emil Smith (2013). CIDOC-CRM, A core ontology for Cultural Heritage. Full text in Research Archive
• Ore, Christian-Emil Smith (2013). Text encoding, Menota, corpus and lexicography. Full text in Research Archive
• Ore, Christian-Emil Smith (2013). Linking manuscripts and texts - some considerations. Full text in Research Archive
• Ore, Christian-Emil Smith (2013). Linked Data and Source Text Collections—A Norwegian Example. Full text in Research Archive
• Grønvik, Oddrun & Ore, Christian-Emil Smith (2013). Dynamic web dictionaries – a treasury for learners of Norwegian. Full text in Research Archive
• Wikman, Thomas; Bekiari, Chryssoula; Doerr, Martin; Jong, Gerald de; Kremers, Cris & Ore, Christian-Emil Smith [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2012). SOFIE Open for all. Full text in Research Archive
• Ore, Christian-Emil Smith (2012). Linked Data and Ontological Methods. Full text in Research Archive
• Ore, Christian-Emil Smith; Bekiari, Chryssoula; Jong, Gerald de; Nyman, Mika & Wikman, Thomas (2012). CultureCloud. Full text in Research Archive
• Ore, Christian-Emil Smith (2012). Linked data and source text collections. Full text in Research Archive
• Ore, Christian-Emil Smith (2012). Culture Cloud Initiative. Full text in Research Archive
• Ore, Christian-Emil Smith (2011). Nettordbøker og Norsk Ordbok. Full text in Research Archive
• Ore, Christian-Emil Smith; Bekiari, Chryssoula; Doerr, Martin; Joeng, Gerald de; Laine-Zamojska, Magdalena & Lundquist, Jacob [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2011). CultureCloud The European Cultural Heritage Information Space. Full text in Research Archive
• Ore, Christian-Emil Smith (2011). Interlinking source text collections – a Norwegian example. Full text in Research Archive
• Ore, Christian-Emil Smith & Ore, Espen Smith (2010). Re-linking a Dictionary universe or the Meta-dictionary Ten Years Later. Full text in Research Archive
• Ore, Christian-Emil Smith (2010). A dictionary universe or the meta-dictionary. Full text in Research Archive
• Ore, Christian-Emil Smith (2010). Ontologier og edisjonsfilologi. Full text in Research Archive
• Ore, Christian-Emil Smith (2009). Trends to Watch in the TEI Community. Full text in Research Archive
• Ore, Christian-Emil Smith & Eide, Øyvind (2009). Norsk Ordboks kildebase: fra seddel til observasjonsdatabase. Full text in Research Archive
• Eide, Øyvind; Holmen, Jon & Ore, Christian-Emil Smith (2009). Deducing Event Chronology in an Archaeological Documentation System. Full text in Research Archive
• Ore, Christian-Emil Smith (2009). Event oriented Modelling using CIDOC CRM. Full text in Research Archive
• Ore, Christian-Emil Smith (2009). Menota and research infrastructures for medieval languages. Full text in Research Archive
• Ore, Christian-Emil Smith (2009). CIDOC CRM and Object Provenance. Full text in Research Archive
• Holmen, Jon & Ore, Christian-Emil Smith (2009). Deducing event chronology in a cultural heritage documentation system. Full text in Research Archive
• Lundqvist, Jacob; Eide, Øyvind; Ore, Christian-Emil Smith & Nyman, Mika (2008). MuseNet: An Open Source Distributed Information Infrastructure for Museums based on XMPP and Conceptual Searches. Full text in Research Archive
• Eide, Øyvind & Ore, Christian-Emil Smith (2008). Linking Museums at Item Level: Co-reference as an Activity. Full text in Research Archive
• Holmen, Jon & Ore, Christian-Emil Smith (2008). Digitization of archaeology – Is it worth while? Full text in Research Archive
• Ore, Christian-Emil Smith & Eide, Øyvind (2008). TEI and Cultural Heritage Ontologies. Full text in Research Archive
• Eide, Øyvind; Holmen, Jon & Ore, Christian-Emil Smith (2008). Sustainability in Cultural Heritage Management. Full text in Research Archive
• Eide, Øyvind & Ore, Christian-Emil Smith (2007). From TEI to a CIDOC-CRM Conforming Model: Towards a Better Integration Between Text Collections and Other Sources of Cultural Historical Documentation. Full text in Research Archive
• Eide, Øyvind & Ore, Christian-Emil Smith (2007). Mapping from TEI to CIDOC-CRM: Will the New TEI Elements Make any Difference? Full text in Research Archive
• Ore, Christian-Emil Smith (2007). Our new digital Assets - how to inegrate them? Full text in Research Archive
• Ore, Christian-Emil Smith & Ekker, Mette Gismerøy (2007). Norrøn metaordbok. Full text in Research Archive
• Wikstrøm, Solveig; Helleland, Botolv & Ore, Christian-Emil Smith (2012). Names and Identities. Oslo Studies in Language 4 (2). Unipub forlag. Full text in Research Archive

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