Martin Kristoffer Hamre

• Östling, Johan; Simonsen, Maria; Verbergt, Marie-Gabrielle; Haikola, Karl & Hamre, Martin Kristoffer (2026). Conclusion: “Mapping the Europeanisation of the Universities in the 1980s and 1990s”. European Educational Research Journal. 25(3), p. 488–488. doi: 10.1177/14749041261434350. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This special issue aims to deepen the understanding of the Europeanisation of universities from 1980 to the mid-1990s. By focussing on five universities situated in different European contexts, we aim to provide insight into how Europeanisation has taken place and changed higher education. The geographical diversity and the main differences between universities provide the opportunity to show both differences and similarities in the process of European integration that the academic system underwent during a crucial period in contemporary history. In addition, we will relate the transformations of the universities to more general and overarching currents during this period. One of them is the acceleration of European integration in the years around 1990 when new areas became part of the political project. Another one is the emergence of the so-called knowledge society as a new political discourse and self-understanding. In this context, our comparative approach will be analytically rewarding, where we draw on our expertise of individual universities set in different societies and academic systems.

• Östling, Johan; Simonsen, Maria; Verbergt, Marie-Gabrielle; Haikola, Karl & Hamre, Martin Kristoffer (2026). Introduction to Special Issue: “Mapping the Europeanisation of the Universities in the 1980s and 1990s”. European Educational Research Journal. 25(3), p. 374–374. doi: 10.1177/14749041261428716. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This special issue aims to deepen the understanding of the Europeanisation of universities from 1980 to the mid-1990s. By focussing on five universities situated in different European contexts, we aim to provide insight into how Europeanisation has taken place and changed higher education. The geographical diversity and the main differences between universities provide the opportunity to show both differences and similarities in the process of European integration that the academic system underwent during a crucial period in contemporary history. In addition, we will relate the transformations of the universities to more general and overarching currents during this period. One of them is the acceleration of European integration in the years around 1990 when new areas became part of the political project. Another one is the emergence of the so-called knowledge society as a new political discourse and self-understanding. In this context, our comparative approach will be analytically rewarding, where we draw on our expertise of individual universities set in different societies and academic systems.

• Hamre, Martin Kristoffer (2026). Between socialist past and European future: The Europeanisation of the Humboldt University of Berlin. European Educational Research Journal. 25(3), p. 440–458. doi: 10.1177/14749041251415071. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The article discusses the gradual Europeanisation of the Humboldt University of Berlin (HU) from the late 1980s to the early 1990s, divided into three chronological sections. The first part analyses Berlin’s oldest university within the system of higher education of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) with a particular emphasis on socialist internationalism and cooperation within the Eastern (European) Bloc in the late 1980s. The second part scrutinises how the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989 and the German reunification in October 1990 ushered in a new era for the HU, marked by internal reformation, external intervention and an opening to Western Europe. The third part examines the years 1990–1992 when ideas and practices of Europeanisation linked to the initiatives and programmes of the European Communities (EC) became a central facet of the HU’s transformation. This Europeanisation was not a complete rupture from the past but intertwined with an older tradition of (socialist) internationalism within the former Eastern Bloc. During these turbulent years of transformation, the HU managed to reinvent itself as a mediator between Western and Eastern Europe, setting the stage for the university’s firm integration into the European community of higher education in the years to come.

• Hamre, Martin Kristoffer (2025). Fascist Regionalism: Nordic Cooperation among Scandinavian Fascist Parties in the 1930s. Scandinavian Journal of History. ISSN 0346-8755. 50(5), p. 581–581. doi: 10.1080/03468755.2025.2544533. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The article examines the genesis and evolution of cross-border connections and cooperation among three fascist parties in Scandinavia in the 1930s, the National Socialist Workers’ Party of Denmark (Danmarks Nationalsocialistiske Arbejderparti), the Norwegian National Unity (Nasjonal Samling) and the Swedish National Socialist Workers’ Party (Nationalsocialistiska Arbetarepartiet). Their cooperation is discussed as an example of fascist regionalism, building on and contributing to recent research on regionalism in transnational history, fascist internationalism and the historiography of Nordic fascism. The article examines factors that thwarted cooperation between fascist parties in Scandinavia, namely the fragmented fascist scene, domestic rivalries, historical-imperialist revisionism and divergent ideas about the Northern region. It presents the exclusion of the National League of Sweden (Sveriges Nationella Förbund) from the Nordic fascist front as an example of the intricate relationship between fascism and conservatism. Despite these challenges, the article demonstrates an intensification of Scandinavian fascist regionalism over the course of the 1930s. This cooperation was based on ideas of Nordic racial unity and common enemies, namely labour parties, communism, liberal democracy and ‘international Jewry’.

• Hamre, Martin Kristoffer (2025). Global Fascisms at the Haus der Kulturen der Welt (HKW), Berlin, Germany. Fascism: Journal of Comparative Fascist Studies. ISSN 2211-6249. 14(2), p. 296–296. doi: 10.5117/fasc2025.2.009.ham. Full text in Research Archive
• Hamre, Martin Kristoffer; Proschmann, Sabrina & Ørskov, Frederik Forrai (2024). Editorial Introduction. Approaches to Transnational and International Fascism: Actors, Networks, and Ideas, 1919–1945. Fascism: Journal of Comparative Fascist Studies. ISSN 2211-6249. 13(1), p. 1–12. doi: 10.1163/22116257-bja10072. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Arising from a 2021 early career workshop on practices and notions of fascist internationalism, this special issue contributes to the evolving focus on transnational and international dimensions within the field of fascism studies. It emphasizes the interconnectedness of fascist governments, movements, and individuals across borders during the interwar period and during the Second World War, as well as the conflictual aspects of such cooperation. Rather than promoting a specific methodological or theoretical approach, the issue presents different perspectives on transnational fascism and fascist internationalisms. This introduction highlights five aspects on which the contributions make interventions: actors, women, organizations, geography, and hybridity.

• Hamre, Martin Kristoffer (2024). ‘Organic unity through a new order’: Ideas of corporatism and the Norwegian Nasjonal Samling. Laboratoire italien. 32. doi: 10.4000/122lf. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This paper analyses the complex relationship between ideas of corporatism, the Norwegian fascist party Nasjonal Samling (National Unity, NS), fascist Italy, and fascist internationalism in the 1930s. It demonstrates how the NS fused the foreign corporative model provided by fascist Italy with nativist traditions and used corporatism to its ends as a signifier for a national and international ‘new order’ on the rise, based on ideas of solidarity. The NS party manifesto from 1934 envisioned corporatism as a promising alternative to capitalist liberalism and as a solution to the parliamentary crisis. The corporatist NS program also facilitated connections between the Norwegian party and Italian Fascism, culminating in the idea of corporatism as a uniting principle of fascist internationalism in the mid-1930s. Finally, the paper discusses briefly the legacy of the corporatist NS program and its fragmentary implementation in the 1940s during the German occupation of Norway (1940-1945).

• Hamre, Martin Kristoffer (2024). „Das Dritte Europa“. Vernetzungspraktiken und Europakonzeptionen der Internationalen Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Nationalisten, 1934–1941 / “The Third Europe”.Networking Practices and Conceptions of Europe of the International Action of Nationalists, 1934–1941. Geschichte und Gesellschaft. ISSN 0340-613X. 50(4), p. 469–469. doi: 10.13109/gege.2024.50.4.434. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  From 1934 to 1941, the International Action of Nationalists (Internationale Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Nationalisten, IAdN) brought together elites from academia and politics across Europe through conferences, events, and publications. In a three-part analysis, this article examines the association as a network with regard to Europeanization processes and conceptions of Europe such as “the Third Europe.” The biography of IAdN founder Hans Keller shows, first, how individual experiences abroad shaped specific ideas about Europe and enabled the formation of a European network. Second, an examination of the IAdN’s “nationalist congresses” illustrates transnational networking practices and processes of knowledge circulation within the European extreme Right in the 1930s. Third, the article discusses völkisch-nationalist conceptions of Europe that legitimized the European cooperation of the “Nationalist International” as an alternative to liberal and communist internationalism.

• Hamre, Martin Kristoffer (2022). ‘Nationalists of All Countries, Unite!’: Hans Keller and Nazi Internationalism in the 1930s. Contemporary European History. ISSN 0960-7773. 33(2), p. 496–496. doi: 10.1017/s0960777322000455. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This paper presents a case study of German ‘Nazi internationalism’ as part of a broader, transnational counter-reaction to liberal and communist internationalism in the 1930s. It offers an analysis of the activities and main ideas of the Nationalist International ( Internationale Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Nationalisten ; IAdN), headed by the German jurist Hans Keller and active from 1934 to 1941. The IAdN promoted concepts such as Volk nationalism and a Third Europe as a solution to the European crisis, and attempted to establish an alternative law of nations to replace the post-1919 liberal order. The IAdN illustrates an early attempt to reconcile völkisch ideas with international cooperation, thus foreshadowing ‘ethno-pluralist’ concepts of the New Right in the post-war period.

• Kunkeler, Nathaniel David Benjamin & Hamre, Martin Kristoffer (2022). Conceptions and Practices of International Fascism in Norway, Sweden and the Netherlands, 1930–40. Journal of Contemporary History. ISSN 0022-0094. 57(1), p. 45–67. doi: 10.1177/00220094211031992. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This article explores conceptions of fascism as an international phenomenon as understood by three political parties of the 1930s: Quisling’s Norwegian Nasjonal Samling (NS), Lindholm’s Swedish Nationalsocialistiska Arbetarepartiet (NSAP) and Mussert’s Dutch Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging (NSB). In order to highlight fascist movements’ contributions to fascist internationalism, the article deploys both a comparative and transnational framework, showing up the national differences in their conceptions of international fascism, regional connections and influences, changes over time and the contingencies of transnational contact that affected the practical establishment of international relationships. It is shown that there was an impetus for international cooperation between fascist movements outside of the orbit of fascist regimes, typically sustained by regional affinities as existed among Northern countries and the Low Countries. While often framed by ambitious rhetoric, ultimately the three parties continued to focus on their own national projects rather than deepen international collaboration. Lastly the movements’ different myths of international fascism are compared, constructed for propagandistic ends, all of which broadly fit within the mould of a new European or even global era which saw the rise of fascism and the (hoped for) victory over ideological enemies such as communism and liberalism.

• Hamre, Martin Kristoffer (2019). Norwegian Fascism in a Transnational Perspective: The Influence of German National Socialism and Italian Fascism on the Nasjonal Samling, 1933–1936. Fascism: Journal of Comparative Fascist Studies. ISSN 2211-6249. 8(1), p. 36–60. doi: 10.1163/22116257-00801003. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Following the transnational turn within fascist studies, this paper examines the role German National Socialism and Italian Fascism played in the transformation of the Norwegian fascist party Nasjonal Samling in the years 1933–1936. It takes the rivalry of the two role models as the initial point and focusses on the reception of Italy and Germany in the party press of the Nasjonal Samling. The main topics of research are therefore the role of corporatism, the involvement in the organization caur and the increasing importance of anti-Semitism. One main argument is that both indirect and direct German influence on the Nasjonal Samling in autumn 1935 led to a radicalization of the party and the endorsement of anti-Semitic attitudes. However, the Nasjonal Samling under leader Vidkun Quisling never prioritized Italo-German rivalry as such. Instead, it perceived itself as an independent national movement in the common battle of a European-wide phenomenon against its arch-enemies: liberalism and communism.

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• Hamre, Martin Kristoffer (2025). Fascists of the World, Unite? A History of Fascist Internationalism in the 1930s. De Gruyter Brill. ISBN 9783111469799. 399 p. doi: 10.1515/9783111469799. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This book analyzes the ideas and forms of international cooperation between Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany, and fascist movements from Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, Ireland, and Britain. The study examines how fascists attempted to unite across borders by forming international organizations and networks, hosting conferences and exhibitions, disseminating multilingual publications, and exchanging propaganda. Their transnational cooperation was fuelled by shared ideas of ultranationalism, anti-liberalism, anti-communism, antisemitism, racism, white supremacism, and Europeanism. The book argues that fascist internationalism, marked by contradictions, limitations, and an Italo-German rivalry, emerged in the 1930s as a counter-reaction to liberal and communist internationalism. The epilogue discusses reverberations in the Second World War and the postwar period and outlines the relevance of this history for understanding contemporary forms of far-right internationalism.

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