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Elizaveta Khachaturyan

Professor - Italiensk
Image of Elizaveta Khachaturyan
Phone +47 22 85 65 34
Room NT 911
Username
Visiting address Niels Treschows hus 9th floor Niels Henrik Abels vei 36
Postal address Postboks 1003 Blindern 0315 Oslo

Academic Interests

semantics

spoken language

text linguistics

discourse markers

verbs

emotions

translations

discourse analysis

children’s literature

language acquisition, trilingualism

national identity, multiculturalism

About

I am a linguist working on modern Italian. My research focuses on discourse studies and contrastive linguistics. It can be conceived as a triangle formed by three vertices that correspond to three components: lexical items, culture, and personality. I study the connections between them, possible configurations, and influences. I am particularly interested in cross-linguistic differences and similarities.

Among my favourite readings about language are Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus and Philosophical Investigations by Ludwig Wittgenstein. In particular, I like the two following quotations: (1) The limits of my language means the limits of my world; and (2) If we spoke a different language, we would perceive a somewhat different world. Thus, I am convinced that describing a language, we can describe another world, or the society where this language is used. When analysing the words used by the speaker, we can better understand the speaker’s world, and we can learn something new about the Other and the Other’s world.

My publications contribute to three linguistic fields: 1) discourse markers, 2) problems of communication (construction and interpretation of communicative messages), and 3) language acquisition and multilingualism (in particular, L3 acquisition). Different approaches are used within each field and different linguistic phenomena are analysed.

Academic background

I have been exposed to three academic research traditions. I graduated from the Faculty of Philology at the Lomonossov Moscow State University, where I defended my PhD dissertation on Italian discourse markers (superv. Tatiana B. Alisova).

I had several study- and research- stays in two Italian universities: Università degli Studi di Firenze and Università di Padova. In Florence, I was in contact with Emanuela Cresti and Massimo Moneglia, founders and directors of LABLITA laboratory working on spoken language. They generated my interest to spoken language and recordings of the everyday speech. In Oslo, in collaboration with TextLab, I have created the corpus SILaNa: Spoken Italian: Interviews about Language and Nation, http://tekstlab.uio.no/silana/corpus.html.  (contains thirty-two interviews conducted with Italian native speakers living in Norway and with Italian nonnative (but near-native) speakers living in Italy and offers very rich material for further linguistic and sociolinguistic studies).

At the University of Padova, I have been influenced by the courses hold by Michele Cortelazzo, Lorenzo Renzi, and Laura Vanelli. Discussions about the language and the world with Renzi and Vanelli were very important for my academic thinking.

I have studied in Paris at the University Paris VII Denis Diderot, where I, first, achieved DEA (diplôme d’études approfondies) in theoretic, formal, and applied linguistics and then wrote and defended my second PhD dissertation entitled Les mots du discours formés à partir des verbes dire/skazat' en français et en russe (superv. Denis Paillard). In Paris, I have been working within a research group Description of the operative words of the language (discourse markers, prefixes, and prepositions). Contacts with other linguists studying different (not only European, but also Oriental) languages, participation in seminars and workshops, and discussions with my supervisor were crucial for shaping my linguistic approach, developing my research methods, and for my further development as a linguist and as a researcher.

Teaching

I have taught in different classrooms for students with different cultural and linguistic background: courses on bachelor’s and master’s levels within various fields of Italian linguistics, including phonetics and phonology, grammar (morphosyntax), lexicology, dialectology, textual linguistics, and academic writing; moreover, courses on History of Italian language and on Romance philology, as well as practical courses (from elementary level (A1) up to proficient level (C2).

 

Tags: Italian, Italian Language, Linguistics, Contrastive Linguistics, Semantics, Discourse Analysis, Multilingualism, Migration, Identity, Translation Studies, Spoken Language, Discourse markers

Publications

  • Santos, Diana; Preminger, Michael; Khachaturyan, Elizaveta; Tveit, Åse Kristine & Bick, Eckhard (2026). Presenting ReadingFood and its infrastructure. Digital Humanities in the Nordic and Baltic Countries Publications (DHNB Publications). 8(2). doi: 10.5617/dhnbpub.12891. Full text in Research Archive
  • Khachaturyan, Elizaveta (2025). CONVERSAZIONI AD ALTA VOCE: L’INTENSITÀ ACUSTICA NEI DIALOGHI LETTERARI (STILE SCANDINAVO VS. STILE ITALIANO). In Jansen, Hanne; Lausten, Pia Schwarz & Strudsholm, Erling (Ed.), Il panorama attuale dell’Italianistica in Scandinavia. franco cesati editore. ISSN 9791254962466. p. 229–246. Full text in Research Archive
  • Khachaturyan, Elizaveta (2024). The communicative process through the lens of metalinguistic expressions: Italian 'direi' ('I would say') and its Norwegian correspondences. In Petras, Cristina; Berbinski, Sonia; Vlad, Daciana & Balatchi, Raluca (Ed.), Metalinguistic Markers: Emergence, Discourse, Variation. Peter Lang Publishing Group. ISSN 9783034349086. p. 639–660. doi: 10.3726/b21750. Full text in Research Archive
  • Khachaturyan, Elizaveta (2023). Le portrait de già en italien : entre identité sémantique et variation. ELAD-SILDA : Études de Linguistique et d’Analyse des Discours. doi: 10.35562/elad-silda.1294. Full text in Research Archive
  • Khachaturyan, Elizaveta (2023). L’émotivité d’une langue à l’autre : La traduction des formes d’émotivité dans les dialogues littéraires (norvégien vs. italien et français). Synergies pays riverains de la Baltique. ISSN 1768-2649. 16, p. 71–88. Full text in Research Archive
  • Khachaturyan, Elizaveta (2022). Crossing the Border between Two Spaces: Narration about the Migrant Crisis of 2015-2016 in Italian Newspapers. In Ortega, Nelson Arturo Gonzalez & García, Ana Belén Martínez (Ed.), Representing 21st-Century Migration in Europe: Performing Borders, Identities and Texts. Berghahn Books. ISSN 9781800733800. p. 131–150. doi: 10.3167/9781800733800. Full text in Research Archive
  • Khachaturyan, Elizaveta (2021). Segnali discorsivi: problemi di acquisizione attraverso il corpus dell’italiano parlato SILaN, Actes du XXIXe Congrès international de linguistique et de philologie romanes (Copenhague, 1-6 juillet 2019). Editions de Linguistique et de Philologie. ISSN 9782372760515. p. 1497–1510. Full text in Research Archive
  • Khachaturyan, Elizaveta (2021). Caratteristiche sonore del messaggio comunicativo nei dialoghi trascritti: uno studio del verbo italiano 'esclamare' e del verbo norvegese 'å utbryte'. Status Quaestionis. 21, p. 61–86. doi: 10.13133/2239-1983/17685. Full text in Research Archive
  • Khachaturyan, Elizaveta (2020). Marqueurs discursifs du dire (français, russe, norvégien) Des sémantiques lexicales différentes pour des stratégies énonciatives similaires ? Internatics: sciences et technologies de l'information et de la communication. ISSN 1634-8699. doi: 10.4000/corela.11158. Full text in Research Archive
  • Khachaturyan, Elizaveta & Sanz, Álvaro Llosa (2019). North and South as Spaces of Cultural Exchange. In Sanz, Álvaro Llosa & Khachaturyan, Elizaveta (Ed.), Scandinavia through Sunglasses: Spaces of Cultural Exchange between Southern/SouthEastern and Nordic Countries. Peter Lang Publishing Group. ISSN 9783631791608. p. 11–23. Full text in Research Archive
  • Khachaturyan, Elizaveta (2019). A la recherche des mots adéquats : le rôle de l’expression "devo dire" à l’oral. Studii de lingvistică. ISSN 2248-2547. 9(2), p. 131–149. Full text in Research Archive
  • Khachaturyan, Elizaveta (2019). Discourses about education: Norwegian universities seen by Italian academic staff. In Sanz, Álvaro Llosa & Khachaturyan, Elizaveta (Ed.), Scandinavia through Sunglasses: Spaces of Cultural Exchange between Southern/SouthEastern and Nordic Countries. Peter Lang Publishing Group. ISSN 9783631791608. p. 225–238. Full text in Research Archive
  • Khachaturyan, Elizaveta (2019). In search of appropriate words: The role of the Italian expression devo dire in oral discourse. Studii de lingvistică. ISSN 2248-2547. 9(2), p. 131–149. Full text in Research Archive
  • Khachaturyan, Elizaveta (2018). Dal testo alle parole: studi contrastivi. (introduzione). Oslo Studies in Language (OSLa). 10(1), p. 3–11. doi: 10.5617/osla.6041. Full text in Research Archive
  • Khachaturyan, Elizaveta (2018). Speaking about the past from different perspectives: the acquisition of Italian L2 by Norwegian and Russian learners. Oslo Studies in Language (OSLa). 10(1), p. 143–149. doi: 10.5617/osla.6047. Full text in Research Archive
  • Khachaturyan, Elizaveta (2018). Rol’ individual’nyx osobennostej rebenka v situatsii rannego detskogo trexjazychija (dva individual’nyx sluchaja). (The role of child’s individual features in early trilingual language acquisition (a comparative study of two cases)). Nauchnyj zhurnal Izvestia: Herzen University Journal of Humanities & Sciences. ISSN 1992-6464. p. 133–141. Full text in Research Archive
  • Khachaturyan, Elizaveta; Fernàndez, Araceli Gòmez & Tarantino, Angela (2018). Acquisizione e apprendimento delle lingue - Presentazione. In Antonelli, Roberto; Glessgen, Martin & Videsott, Paul (Ed.), Atti del XXVIII Congresso internazionale di linguistica e filologia romanza. Société de Linguistique Romane. ISSN 9791091460354. p. 1441–1446. Full text in Research Archive
  • Khachaturyan, Elizaveta (2018). Segnali discorsivi nel parlato: il caso di diciamo e insomma. Studi italiani di linguistica teorica e applicata. ISSN 0390-6809. 1, p. 119–139. Full text in Research Archive
  • Khachaturyan, Elizaveta & Camilotti, Silvia (2017). The Place of Language in (Re)constructing Identity: The Case of "Fortunate Immigrants" to/from Italy. Romance Studies. ISSN 0263-9904. 35(1), p. 31–47. doi: 10.1080/02639904.2017.1299911. Full text in Research Archive
  • Khachaturyan, Elizaveta (2017). Alterità e traduzione: il plurilinguismo nel testo accademico. In Gargiulo, Marco; Collella, Gianluca; Aresti, Alessandro & Wärnhjelm, Vera Nigrisoli (Ed.), Edito, inedito, riedito. Pisa University Press. ISSN 9788867418473. p. 249–260. Full text in Research Archive
  • Khachaturyan, Elizaveta (2017). Codeswitching by a Trilingual Child During the First Years of Life. In Lopez, Laura Alvarez (Eds.), Romance Languages. Multilingualism and Language Acquisition. Peter Lang Publishing Group. ISSN 9783631717585. p. 123–142. Full text in Research Archive
  • Khachaturyan, Elizaveta (2016). L'alterité dans l'unité: l'acquisition simultanée de trois langues. In Vladimirska, Elena & Ponchon, Thierry (Ed.), Dire l'autre, voir autrui. L'Harmattan. ISSN 9782343099231. p. 67–88. Full text in Research Archive
  • Khachaturyan, Elizaveta (2016). Individual'nyj podxod k usvoeniju jazyka (analiz rechi trexjazychnyx sester.)(Individual approach to the language acquisition: data from two trilingual sisters). In Tsejtlin, Stella N. (Eds.), Liki bilingvisma. (Different faces of bilingualism). Zlatoust. ISSN 9785865478263. p. 82–92. Full text in Research Archive
  • Khachaturyan, Elizaveta & Vladimirska, Elena (2015). Vraiment/veramente: analogies et contrastes. In Zuloaga, Margarida Borreguero & Ferary, Sonia Gomez-Jordana (Ed.), Les marqueurs du discours dans les langues romanes: une approche contrastive. Lambert-Lucas. ISSN 9782359351187. p. 75–87. Full text in Research Archive
  • Khachaturyan, Elizaveta (2015). Shaping Cultural Identity through Language: Various Types of Cultural Content in Textbooks. In Khachaturyan, Elizaveta (Eds.), Language-Nation-Identity: the "Questione della Lingua" in an Italian and Non-Italian Context. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISSN 9781443872065. p. 144–165. Full text in Research Archive
  • Khachaturyan, Elizaveta (2014). Reported Speech in Russian and in Italian: verbs of Speech and particles. Oslo Studies in Language (OSLa). 6(1), p. 53–67. doi: 10.5617/osla.727. Full text in Research Archive
  • Khachaturyan, Elizaveta (2013). La sémantique des marqueurs discursifs du dire vue à travers la sémantique verbale. L’analyse des verbes dire/dire en français et en italien. In Herrero, Emili Casanova & Rigual, Cesareo Calvo (Ed.), Actes del 26e Congres de Linguistica i Filologia Romaniques. vol.1-8. De Gruyter Brill. ISSN 9783110299793. p. 207–223. doi: 10.1515/9783110299939.207. Full text in Research Archive
  • Khachaturyan, Elizaveta (2013). Acquisition of Italian object clitics by a trilingual child. In Salvesen, Christine Meklenborg & Helland, Hans Petter (Ed.), Challenging Clitics. John Benjamins Publishing Company. ISSN 9789027255891. p. 233–254. doi: 10.1075/la.206.10kha. Full text in Research Archive
  • Khachaturyan, Elizaveta (2013). L'emploi du verbe dire avec la négation. L'étude contrastive des Constructions ne skazhu, ne govorju, non dico en russe et en italien, La linguistique de la contradiction. Peter Lang Publishing Group. ISSN 9782875740533. p. 263–278. Full text in Research Archive
  • Khachaturyan, Elizaveta (2011). Introduction to the volume of OSLa on Discourse markers in Romance languages. Oslo Studies in Language (OSLa). 3(1), p. 1–5. Full text in Research Archive
  • Khachaturyan, Elizaveta (2011). Una classificazione dei segnali discorsivi in italiano. Oslo Studies in Language (OSLa). 3(1), p. 95–116. doi: 10.5617/osla.185. Full text in Research Archive
  • Khachaturyan, Elizaveta (2011). Segnali discorsivi: problemi d'insegnamento e alcune soluzioni. Arena Romanistica. ISSN 1890-4580. 8, p. 295–300. Full text in Research Archive
  • Khachaturyan, Elizaveta (2011). Disons et pour ainsi dire, deux marqueurs de la non-prise en charge? In Dendale, Patrick & Coltier, Danielle (Ed.), La prise en charge énonciative. Etudes théoriques et empiriques. De Boeck Universite. ISSN 9782801116432. p. 163–181. Full text in Research Archive
  • Khachaturyan, Elizaveta (2010). The Function of Mitigation in Spoken Language. Analysis of tak skazat’ (Russian) and diciamo (Italian). Oslo Studies in Language (OSLa). 2, p. 393–412. Full text in Research Archive
  • Khachaturyan, Elizaveta (2010). Problèmes de description des marqueurs discursifs comme illustration de quelques idées de Damourette et Pichon. In Arrivé, Michel; Toke, Valelia Muni & Normand, Claudine (Ed.), De la grammaire à l’inconscient dans les traces de Damourette et Pichon. Lambert-Lucas. ISSN 9782359350227. p. 63–71. Full text in Research Archive
  • Khachaturyan, Elizaveta (2009). Les mots du discours: le lien entre les propriétés sémantico-contextuelles et les propriétés prosodiques (analyse des mots du discours italiens davvero et veramente). Travaux linguistiques du CERLICO. ISSN 0995-2411. 22, p. 189–207. Full text in Research Archive
  • Khachaturyan, Elizaveta (2009). Dico (en italien): syntaxe et sémantique. Arena Romanistica. ISSN 1890-4580. p. 182–192. Full text in Research Archive
  • Khachaturyan, Elizaveta (2009). Segnali discorsivi formati dal verbo dire. Approccio semantico, Atti Dell'VIII Congresso Degli Italianisti Scandinavi. Instituto di Lingue, Letteratura e Cultura. ISSN 9788799319305. p. 348–362. Full text in Research Archive
  • Khachaturyan, Elizaveta (2008). The North seen by People from the South. Italian Explorers about the Arctic. The Journal of Giacomo Bove. Nordlit. ISSN 0809-1668. p. 205–216. Full text in Research Archive
  • Khachaturyan, Elizaveta (2008). Les mots du discours de dire. Analyse contrastive. Estudos Linguìsticos. Linguistic Studies.. ISSN 1647-0346. p. 287–314. Full text in Research Archive
  • Khachaturyan, Elizaveta (2007). Marqueurs de reformulation formés à partir du verbe dire. In Bot, Marie-Claude Le (Eds.), Actes du Colloque international « Voies de la reformulation : contraintes – objectifs, stratégies. Université de Rennes. Full text in Research Archive
  • Khachaturyan, Elizaveta (2007). Les mots du discours et la communication verbale. Problèmes d’organisation de la communication. In Trotter, David (Eds.), Actes du XXIV Congrès International de Linguistique et de Philologie Romanes (CILPR). Max Niemeyer. ISSN 9783484505001. Full text in Research Archive
  • Khachaturyan, Elizaveta (2005). Skazat’ / govorit’ (en russe) : une paire aspectuelle ? Faits de Langues. ISSN 1244-5460. 25, p. 119–122. Full text in Research Archive
  • Khachaturyan, Elizaveta (2004). Tak skazat’ ou le désengagement du locuteur. Slovo. Etudes linguistiques et sémiotiques. Revue de Recherche Russes et Euro-Asiatique.. ISSN 0183-6080. 30-31, p. 107–137. Full text in Research Archive
  • Khachaturyan, Elizaveta (2002). Analisi contestuale dei segnali discorsivi (indagine su diciamo). Studi italiani di linguistica teorica e applicata. ISSN 0390-6809. p. 245–258. Full text in Research Archive
  • Khachaturyan, Elizaveta (2001). Sul segnale discorsivo senti. Studi di Grammatica Italiana. ISSN 0391-4151. XX, p. 127–137. Full text in Research Archive

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  • Khachaturyan, Elizaveta (2025). Italian Words: a Practical Introduction to the Italian Lexical System. Routledge. ISBN 9781032615356. 139 p. Full text in Research Archive
  • Sanz, Álvaro Llosa & Khachaturyan, Elizaveta (2019). Scandinavia through Sunglasses: Spaces of Cultural Exchange between Southern/SouthEastern and Nordic Countries. Peter Lang Publishing Group. ISBN 9783631791608. 241 p. Full text in Research Archive
  • Khachaturyan, Elizaveta (2015). Language-Nation-Identity: the "Questione della Lingua" in an Italian and Non-Italian Context. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 9781443872065. 176 p. Full text in Research Archive
  • Khachaturyan, Elizaveta (2005). Diskursivnye slova glagol'nogo proisxozhdenija: nekotorye printsipy semantiko-kontekstnogo analiza. (Segnali discorsivi di origine verbale: analisi semantico-contestuale). RGGU, Institut jazykoznanija RAN. ISBN 9785728103905. 112 p. Full text in Research Archive
  • Khachaturyan, Elizaveta (2003). Semanticheskaja struktura slova "skazhem": obscaja otvetstvennost' i uslovnaja adekvatnost'. Azbukovnik. ISBN 9785937860408. 2008 p. Full text in Research Archive

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  • Khachaturyan, Elizaveta (2025). Che cosa vuol dire imparare una lingua (riflessioni intorno al libro "Italian Words"). Full text in Research Archive
  • Khachaturyan, Elizaveta (2025). Water imagery in a Russian children’s novel from the 20th centuryBetween the 19th century traditions and new tendences. Full text in Research Archive
  • Khachaturyan, Elizaveta (2025). Comment construire l’incertitude (le russe vs l’italien et le français). Full text in Research Archive
  • Khachaturyan, Elizaveta (2025). Le silence : qu’est-ce que le silence ? (en russe et en italien). Full text in Research Archive
  • Khachaturyan, Elizaveta (2025). Conversazioni ad alta voce: stile scandinavo e stile italiano a confronto (analisi dei dialoghi letterari nella narrativa contemporanea)(Investigating different selves in different languages). Full text in Research Archive
  • Santos, Diana; Khachaturyan, Elizaveta; Preminger, Michael; Tveit, Åse Kristine & Bick, Eckhard (2025). Reading Food: Presenting its infrastructure and user interface(s). doi: https:/www.linguateca.pt/Diana/download/AprDHKO.pdf. Full text in Research Archive
  • Khachaturyan, Elizaveta (2024). Between the universal and language-specific features of the communicative process (Italian dico and direi and its Norwegian correspondences). Full text in Research Archive
  • Preminger, Michael; Tveit, Åse Kristine; Khachaturyan, Elizaveta; Kaasa, Janicke S.; Santos, Diana & Bick, Eckhard (2023). Second "Food and Drink" workshop. Full text in Research Archive
  • Khachaturyan, Elizaveta (2021). Introduzione al numero speciale "Italian-Norwegian Dialogue. Communication and Narration Between Grammar and Culture". Status Quaestionis. 21, p. 11–13. Full text in Research Archive
  • Khachaturyan, Elizaveta (2017). Book review: Laurence Rouanne et Jean-Claude Anscombre (dir.), Histoires de dire: Petit glossaire des marqueurs formés sur le verbe dire. (Sciences pour la communication, 119.) Bern: Peter Lang, 2016, 376 pp. 978 3 0343 2098 6 (broché), 978 3 0351 0947 4 (PDF), 978 3 0343 2309 3 (EPUB). Journal of French Language Studies. ISSN 0959-2695. doi: 10.1017/S0959269517000126. Full text in Research Archive
  • Khachaturyan, Elizaveta & Söhrman, Ingmar (2017). National Symbols across Time and Space: Preliminary Remarks. Romance Studies. ISSN 0263-9904. 35(1), p. 1–2. doi: 10.1080/02639904.2017.1306188. Full text in Research Archive
  • Rodina, Yulia & Khachaturyan, Elizaveta (2016). Learning to spell in two orthographically distinct alphabetic writing systems: Evidence from Norwegian-Russian bilinguals. Full text in Research Archive
  • Khachaturyan, Elizaveta (2015). Marqueurs discursifs du dire en italien et en norvégien : Syntaxe-sémantique ou structure de la langue ? Full text in Research Archive
  • Khachaturyan, Elizaveta (2015). Etude contrastive des marqueurs discursifs: comment expliquer les differences et les similitudes? Full text in Research Archive
  • Rodina, Yulia & Khachaturyan, Elizaveta (2015). BiLit: Acquisition of literacy in bilingual Norwegian- Russian children: Mainstream and complementary schools in Oslo. Full text in Research Archive
  • Khachaturyan, Elizaveta (2015). Tempi del passato: prospettive diverse. Conseguenze per l’acquisizione dell’italiano come L2. Full text in Research Archive
  • Khachaturyan, Elizaveta (2015). Introduction. In Khachaturyan, Elizaveta (Eds.), Language-Nation-Identity: the "Questione della Lingua" in an Italian and Non-Italian Context. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISSN 9781443872065. p. 1–5. Full text in Research Archive
  • Khachaturyan, Elizaveta & Camilotti, Silvia (2015). Migrating symbols: how to maintain the national belonging. Full text in Research Archive
  • Khachaturyan, Elizaveta (2015). Early acquisition of verbal system by a trilingual child. Full text in Research Archive
  • Khachaturyan, Elizaveta (2015). En parlant du passé: étude contrastive des temps du passé dans trois langues (italien, norvégien, russe). Full text in Research Archive
  • Khachaturyan, Elizaveta & Kazakovskaja, Victoria (2015). Caregiver communicative strategies for successful acquisition in a monolingual and multilingual environment. Full text in Research Archive
  • Khachaturyan, Elizaveta & Rodina, Yulia (2015). The interface of bilingual language proficiency and family language policy: Methodological considerations. Full text in Research Archive
  • Hagen, Margareth & Khachaturyan, Elizaveta (2011). Introduzione. Arena Romanistica. ISSN 1890-4580. 8, p. 9–12. Full text in Research Archive
  • Grønn, Atle; Hauge, Kjetil Rå; Khachaturyan, Elizaveta & Saric, Ljiljana (2010). From RuN to RuN-Euro: a multilingual parallel corpus at the University of Oslo. Full text in Research Archive
  • Khachaturyan, Elizaveta (2008). Le conditionnel des langues romanes et les particules russes. Full text in Research Archive
  • Khachaturyan, Elizaveta (2008). La relation entre le conditionnel et les particules russes. Full text in Research Archive
  • Hagen, Margareth & Khachaturyan, Elizaveta (2011). Atti del IX Congresso degli Italianisti Scandinavi. University of Bergen. Full text in Research Archive

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Published Sep. 23, 2010 12:01 PM - Last modified Dec. 16, 2025 10:18 AM