Erik Skare

Skare, Erik (forthcoming). A History of Palestinian Islamic Jihad: Faith, Awareness, and Revolution in the Middle East. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Skare, Erik (forthcoming). Palestinian Islamic Jihad: Islamist Writings on Religion and Resistance. London: I.B.Tauris.

Skare, Erik (2018). Digital Surveillance/Militant Resistance: Categorizing the “Proto-state Hacker”. Television and New Media.  ISSN 1527-4764.

Skare, Erik (2016). Digital Jihad: Palestinian Resistance in the Digital Era. London: Zed Books. ISBN: 9781783607846

• Anderson, Jedidiah; Skare, Erik & Dorroll, Courtney (2018). Nothing to Hide, Nothing to Fear? Tools and Suggestions for Digital Data Protection. The Qualitative Report (TQR).  ISSN 1052-0147.  23(5), s 1223- 1236 Full text in Research Archive. Show summary

  The developing cyber-infrastructure has provided new tools, methods, and opportunities to conduct research. However, the Snowden leaks and subsequent developments proved that the same infrastructure has made all-encompassing surveillance possible – posing new challenges for researchers when engaging with those they are obligated to protect. As the cyber-infrastructure simultaneously opens up new possibility-spaces for circumventing structures of surveillance, while drawing on the authors’ own experiences, this article presents a number of tools and suggestions that will aid the researcher to engage more responsibly and safely with the research subject digitally.

• Skare, Erik (2018). Digital Surveillance/Militant Resistance: Categorizing the “Proto-state Hacker”. Television & New Media.  ISSN 1527-4764.  20(7), s 670- 685 . doi: 10.1177/1527476418793509 Show summary

  Rapid developments in digital infrastructure have made all-encompassing surveillance all too possible. However, the same infrastructure has simultaneously enabled the use of new possibility spaces that react to, shape, and resist these structures of control and surveillance. The Israel/Palestine conflict is no different, and Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) has created an electronic unit with hackers to circumvent and resist the Israeli matrix of control and its surveillance. I argue that out of this dialectical relationship in Palestine, between new possibility spaces of resistance and structures of control, new phenomena arise in the gray area between the nation state hacker and the hacktivist as PIJ emulates the features of a modern state army. To understand the nature of its electronic unit, one must take this dialectic into account by introducing the category, “proto-state hacker.”

• Skare, Erik (2015). "Du har blitt hacket av Gaza Hacker Team". Babylon - Nordisk tidsskrift for Midtøstenstudier.  ISSN 1503-5727.  13(1/2), s 46- 56 . doi: 10.5617/ba.4184 Full text in Research Archive. Show summary

  Siden 2000 har flere palestinske angrep blitt utført mot israelsk kyberinfrastruktur, inkludert børsen i Tel Aviv, flere myndigheter og bedrifters nettsider.Står vi overfor en ny form for palestinsk motstandskamp?

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• Skare, Erik (2018). الجهاد الرقمي: المقوامة الفلسطينية في العصر الرَّقْمي. Almutawassit Books.  ISBN 978-88-85771-71-0.  236 s. Show summary

  Arabic translation of the book, "Digital Jihad: Palestinian Resistance in the Digital Era" published by Zed Books (2016). Translation by Mansour Omari.

• Skare, Erik (2016). Digital Jihad: Palestinian Resistance in the Digital Era. Zed Books.  ISBN 9781783607846.  240 s.

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• Skare, Erik (2020). Faith, Awareness, and Revolution: A History of Palestinian Islamic Jihad. Show summary

  This study seeks to provide the history of Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ), the second largest faction in the Gaza Strip today. Undertaking its first armed operations against the Israeli occupation in 1984, five years before Hamas, violence was what distinguished the two. Yet, when Hamas also engaged in violence in 1989, the two movements were, in principle, almost identical. This raises the question why PIJ survived as a separate organization with a justification of existence. In short, why PIJ? Existing research shares an analysis of a categorical movement bereft of pragmatism. PIJ is simply more militant than Hamas; it rejects political participation and diplomatic dialogue; and it has adopted an unequivocal Palestinian identity. Through the reading and analysis of PIJ texts and archival material, as well as the conducting of interviews with its leaders and members, this study of PIJ’s history seeks to go beyond the conceptualization of the movement as an issue of radicalism, fundamentalism, or a degree of militarism. Instead, the central argument is that PIJ never constituted an absolute rupture with the secular-nationalist currents in the PLO of the late 1960s, as represented primarily by Fatah. As the majority of PIJ’s founding fathers were affiliated with these secular-nationalist currents, they were swayed by the belief in religion’s transformative potential in the 1960s and 1970s. More important, in the process, they preserved their secular, activist political ethos and logic, although it was now framed through religious symbolism. The establishment of PIJ did thus not entail the formation of a new characteristic ideology, but rather the re-articulation of already existing ones. Because this was an ethos distinctively different from that of the Palestinian Muslim Brotherhood, the latter was unable to absorb these activists into its ranks. Consequently, PIJ and Hamas derive their thought and practice from two distinct political traditions

• Maktabi, Rania; Skare, Erik & Sogge, Erling Lorentzen (2018). Forord som redaktør for spesialnummer av Babylon - Nordisk tidsskrift for Midtøstenstudier: "Stat, statsborgerskap og territorialitet" - Festskrift for Nils A. Butenschøn 70 år.. Babylon - Nordisk tidsskrift for Midtøstenstudier.  ISSN 1503-5727.  (2)
• Skare, Erik (2018, 05. juli). Comment le Hamas tente de jouer dans la cybercour israélienne.  L'Orient le Journal. Show summary

  L’opération de cyberespionnage lancée par des hackers gazaouis sur des cellulaires de soldats israéliens est rustique d’un point de vue purement technique. C’est davantage par leur connaissance fine de l’ennemi que les opérateurs du mouvement islamique palestinien ont « brillé ».

• Skare, Erik (2018, 03. mai). Krig og Fred. Gaza: Den store marsjen hjem. [Radio].  NRK. Show summary

  Nesten 50 palestinere er drept og tusenvis er skadet så langt i demonstrasjonene langs grensegjerde i Gaza. En norsk fotograf har gått tett på og tatt et dramatisk bilde av en ung palestiner innhyllet av røyk og flammer. Dette er historien om hvordan bildet ble til og hva demonstrasjonene sier om situasjonen i Gaza. Gjester: Harald Henden, VG og Erik Skare, doktorgradsstipendiat ved Universitetet i Oslo Programleder: Sigurd Falkenberg Mikkelsen

• Skare, Erik (2018, 16. mai). Påfallende mange palestinske kvinner deltok i Gaza-opprøret. Nå frykter Israel at opprøret sprer seg..  Aftenposten. Show summary

  Står Hamas bak? Og gir folkeretten Israel lov til å skyte demonstranter? Her er fem svar om de blodige sammenstøtene på Gazastripen.

• Skare, Erik (2017). A New Hamas?. The New Middle East Blog.
• Skare, Erik (2017). Digital jihad: Palestinian resistance in the information age. The New Arab. Show summary

  How do Palestinian hacktivists operate, and how does hacktivism form part of the Palestinian resistance?

• Skare, Erik (2017, 25. april). Motstandskampen er blitt digital: Unge palestinere hacker israelske nettsider. [Fagblad].  Apollon.
• Skare, Erik (2016). De palestinske hackerne er her. NRK Ytring.
• Skare, Erik (2016). Hacking and Social Banditry in Gaza. The New Middle East Blog.
• Skare, Erik (2016, 09. oktober). Kald front mellom USA og Russland i cyberspace. [Radio].  P2 Ytring.
• Skare, Erik (2016). Skadeverk og informasjonskrig. Ny Tid.  ISSN 0809-9049.  (10), s 45
• Skare, Erik & Stenersen, Anne (2016). Jihadi Document Repository. [www ]. Show summary

  The Jihadi Document Repository was created in 2015 by the Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI) in cooperation with the University of Oslo. The sole purpose of the Repository is to encourage academic research on militant Islamism, by making available a large collection of jihadist primary sources gathered by the FFI’s Terrorism Research Group since 1999.

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