Publications

• Ess, Charles Melvin (2021). Internet Research Ethics and Social Media, In Ron Iphofen (ed.),  Handbook of Research Ethics and Scientific Integrity.  Springer Publishing Company.  ISBN 978-3-030-16758-5.  chapter.  s 1 - 21 Show summary

  Internet research ethics (IRE) is introduced via a historical overview of its development by the Association of Internet Researchers’ ethics committees (2002, 2012, 2020) and the Norwegian Research Ethics Committees (2003, 2006, [2018] 2019). These overlapping but importantly distinctive guidelines foreground key norms and principles (starting with human autonomy and dignity), ethical frameworks (utilitarianism, deontology, virtue ethics, feminist ethics, care ethics), and prevailing, especially question-oriented approaches to identifying and resolving representative ethical challenges in internet research. Comparing and contrasting these (and other relevant) guidelines further introduce us to additional central elements of assumptions regarding personhood and moral agency (individual vis-à-vis relational); respecting and incorporating diverse national/cultural ethical traditions and norms by way of an ethical pluralism; the role of dialogical, process approaches and reflective ethical judgment (phronēsis); interweaving ethics and methods; and considering ethical challenges characteristic of distinct stages of research. Two challenges evoked by Big Data research techniques are examined, beginning with the possibilities and limitations of informed consent and researchers’ possible use of “gray data” (personal information that is hacked and thus made public and available to researchers). Current and future challenges cluster about protecting both researchers’ and subjects’ privacy – specifically, privacy as now reconceptualized in terms of contextual integrity as appropriate to the more relational selves facilitated especially by social media – in an emerging Internet of Things (IoT).

• Bucher, Taina (2021). Data and algorithms, In Leah Lievrouw & Brian Loader (ed.),  Routledge Handbook of Digital Media and Communication in Society.  Routledge.  ISBN 1138672092.  Chapter.
• Ihlen, Øyvind (2020). Science communication and strategic communication: The case of health authorities, trust building and vaccine hesitancy. Journal of Communication Management.  ISSN 1363-254X.
• Lüders, Marika (2020). Innovation & creativity: Media as business and commons, In M. Bjørn von Rimscha (ed.),  Management and Economics of Communication.  De Gruyter Mouton.  ISBN 978-3-11-058716-6.  12.  s 223 - 240 Show summary

  This chapter argues that research on media innovations benefits from combining insights and concepts from the business literature with the critical theory approach typical of media and communication studies. Business, economics and marketing literature rarely address innovations in media industries, and communication and media scholars seldom look beyond their own disciplinary boundaries when studying media innovations. This chapter first reviews how the interrelated notions of innovation and creativity are conceptualized in the literature, and next how innovation and creativity apply to media industries. Using music streaming services as a case, I argue how innovation and business literature provides perspectives useful for understanding the development and adoption of these services. Key notions include a turn to experience-centric approach to innovation, customers as co-producers of service-value, and the context of innovation extending to include multiple actors and their interactions. Whereas the innovation literature has much to offer, media and communication scholars are likely better positioned to investigate media innovations than scholars from the business and marketing fields. This is due to the pro-innovation bias and lack of critical approaches in the innovation literature. A core concern for the study of media innovations is therefore to also question innovation

• Følstad, Asbjørn & Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2020). Users’ Experiences with Chatbots: Findings from a Questionnaire Study. Quality and User Experience.  ISSN 2366-0139.  5(3) . doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41233-020-00033-2 Show summary

  For chatbots to be broadly adopted by users, it is critical that they are experienced as useful and pleasurable. While there is an emerging body of research concerning user uptake and use of chatbots, there is a lack of theoretically grounded studies detailing what constitutes good or poor chatbot user experiences. In this paper, we present findings from a questionnaire study involving more than 200 chatbot users who reported on episodes of chatbot use that they found particularly satisfactory or frustrating. The user reports were analysed with basis in theory on user experience, with particular concern for pragmatic and hedonic attributes. We found that pragmatic attributes such as efficient assistance (positive) and problems with interpretation (negative) were important elements in user reports of satisfactory and frustrating episodes. Hedonic attributes such as entertainment value (positive) and strange and rude responses (negative) were also frequently mentioned. Older participants tended to report on pragmatic attributes more often, whereas younger participants tended to report on hedonic attributes more often. Drawing on the findings, we propose four high-level lessons learnt that may benefit chatbot service providers, and we suggest relevant future research.

• Ranji, Banafsheh (2020). Shaping news waves and constructing events: Iranian journalists’ use of online platforms as sources of journalistic capital. New Media & Society.  ISSN 1461-4448.
• Ranji, Banafsheh (2020). Journalistic illusio in a restrictive context: Role conceptions and perceptions of role enactment among Iranian journalists. Journalism - Theory, Practice & Criticism.  ISSN 1464-8849.
• Lüders, Marika (2020). Ubiquitous tunes, virtuous archiving and catering for algorithms: the tethered affairs of people and music streaming services. Information, Communication & Society.  ISSN 1369-118X. . doi: 10.1080/1369118X.2020.1758742
• Sundet, Vilde Schanke (2020). «Will it translate?» – SKAM som remake, I: Andreas Halskov; Henrik Højer; Mathias Bonde Korsgard; Thomas Schwartz Larsen & Jakob Isak Nielsen (red.),  Streaming for viderekomne: Fra Doggystyle til Black Mirror og The Jinx.  VIA Film & Transmedia.  ISBN 9788793709683.  Kappittel.
• Gran, Anne-Britt; Booth, Peter & Bucher, Taina (2020). To be or not to be algorithm aware: a question of a new digital divide?. Information, Communication & Society.  ISSN 1369-118X. . doi: 10.1080/1369118X.2020.1736124
• Krüger, Steffen & Ni Bhroin, Niamh (2020). Vital Signs: Innovations in Self-Tracking Health Insurance and Social Change. The Journal of Media Innovations.  ISSN 1894-5562.  6(1), s 93- 108 . doi: https://doi.org/10.5617/jomi.7836
• Ni Bhroin, Niamh & Milan, Stefania (2020). Media Innovation and Social Change: Introduction to the Special Issue. The Journal of Media Innovations.  ISSN 1894-5562.  6(1), s 1- 8 . doi: https://doi.org/10.5617/jomi.7829
• Askim, Jostein; Karlsen, Rune & Kolltveit, Kristoffer (2020). Public Office as a Stepping Stone? Investigating the Careers of Ministerial Advisors. Political Studies Review.  ISSN 1478-9299. . doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1478929920906991 Full text in Research Archive. Show summary

  Ministerial advisors (MAs) have become an essential aspect of executive branches worldwide, thus making the MA office a potential route for young politicians aspiring to an expanding political class. The article studies which professions MAs migrate to following their ministerial careers, how MAs’ post-ministerial careers compare to their pre-ministerial careers, and if the variance in careers can be explained by the resources that MAs obtain while in government. Empirically, the article draws on a cohort of 139 MAs in Norwegian governments between 2001 and 2009; it covers positions in the political sphere and the public, private and voluntary occupational sectors over a period from each MA’s youth to the end of 2017. The bibliographic data is combined with surveys and elite interviews. The results show that more than expanding the political class as a recruitment ground for future MPs and ministers, MA appointments serve as stepping-stones to careers outside of politics. Most MAs experience shifts between occupational sectors and upward to higher positions. However, MAs’ attractiveness in the labour market is surprisingly unaffected by what they actually did in office; rather, it rests on resources such as insider knowledge and networks. Keywords: Ministerial Advisors, Careers, Political Class, Revolving door, Executives

• Ess, Charles Melvin (2020). Thinking Ethically About Mobile Devices: A Rough Guide, In Rich Ling; Leopoldina Fortunati; Gerard Goggin; Lim Sun Sun & Yuling Li (ed.),  The Oxford Handbook of Mobile Communication and Society.  Oxford University Press.  ISBN 9780190864385.  11.5.  s 621 - 636 Show summary

  The author introduces primary frameworks for analyzing and resolving common ethical issues evoked by mobile devices. These include prevailing ethical frameworks along with underlying assumptions about the nature of selfhood and identity—that is, as more individual or relational: the latter also help index important cultural differences in ethical approaches. The author shows how these apply in two exemplar cases: the Fairphone and “quantified relationship” (QR) apps. The two cases of the Fairphone and QR apps, as taking up broad issues of consumption and production as well as privacy, autonomy, and personal relationships, respectively, thus cover a relatively wide range of ethical issues relevant to a wide audience of “everyday” consumers and users. These analyses aim to also stand as examples and templates for further analyses of ethical challenges evoked by mobile devices.

• Bucher, Taina (2020). The right-time web: Theorizing the kairologic of algorithmic media. New Media & Society.  ISSN 1461-4448.
• Raknes, Ketil; Ihlen, Øyvind & Dan, Viorela (2020). Political public relations and strategic framing, In Jesper Strömbäck & Spiro Kiousis (ed.),  Political Public Relations.  Routledge.  ISBN 978-1-138-48404-7.  Chapter 7.  s 146 - 164
• Skjuve, Marita & Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2020). Facebook Live: A mixed-methods approach to explore individual live streaming practices and motivations on Facebook. Interacting with computers.  ISSN 0953-5438.  31(6), s 589- 602 . doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/iwc/iwz038 Show summary

  In April 2016, Facebook launched Facebook Live. Yet, how and why people stream on Facebook Live is poorly understood. Guided by the uses and gratifications theory, we analyzed public, individual live stream videos on Facebook Live (N = 1118) from the USA, Europe and Asia and applied a questionnaire to Facebook Live users (N = 246) in the USA. We found 14 different live streaming practices, the two most common of which were chatting with random people (seen in 48% of the videos) and demonstrations of skills (seen in 10% of the videos). We also identified live streaming sessions that were problematic and challenged Facebook guidelines. From the questionnaire, we revealed that the most important motivations are (i) socializing with family and friends (reported by 38%), (ii) sharing opinions and experiences (reported by 16%) and (iii) entertainment/fun (reported by 15%). Our findings offer insight into the various personal incentives that drive people to stream on Facebook Live and thus contribute to an understanding of the social implications of a new mode of mediated interaction.

• Hagen, Anja Nylund (2020). Paths in the Online Music Jungle: Personal Practices with Music-Streaming Services (forthcoming). Participations. Journal of Audience and Reception Studies.  ISSN 1749-8716.
• Syvertsen, Trine; Faltin, Karlsen & Bolling, Jørgen (2019). Digital detox på norsk.. Norsk Medietidsskrift.  ISSN 0804-8452.  s 1- 18 . doi: https://doi.org/10.18261/ISSN.0805-9535-2019-02-02
• Waller, Lisa Kerstin E; Dreher, Tanja; Hess, Kristy; McCallum, Kerry & Skogerbø, Eli (2019). Media Hierarchies of Attention: News Values and Australia’s Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse. Journalism Studies.  ISSN 1461-670X.  21(2), s 180- 196 . doi: 10.1080/1461670X.2019.1633244
• Archetti, Cristina (2019). No life without family: Film representations of involuntary childlessness, silence and exclusion. International Journal of Media & Cultural Politics.  ISSN 1740-8296.  15(2), s 175- 196 . doi: 10.1386/macp.15.2.175_1 Full text in Research Archive.
• Liestøl, Gunnar & Elpida, Hadjidaki (2019). Quasi–Mixed Reality in Digital Cultural Heritage. Combining 3D Reconstructions with Real Structures on Location—The Case of Ancient Phalasarna, In Horst Kremers (ed.),  Digital Cultural Heritage.  Springer.  ISBN 978-3-030-15198-0.  29.  s 423 - 433
• Liestøl, Gunnar; Ritter, Christian S. & Ibrus, Indrek (2019). Audiovisual Industries and Tourism: Forms of Convergence, In Indrek Ibrus (ed.),  Emergence of Cross-innovation Systems. Audiovisual Industries Co-innovating with Education, Health Care and Tourism.  Emerald Group Publishing Limited.  ISBN 978-1-78769-977-9.  12.  s 165 - 172 Full text in Research Archive.
• Liestøl, Gunnar (2019). The Photo positioning Puzzle: Creating Engaging Applications for Historical Photographs by Combining Mobile Augmented Reality and Gamification, In Alonzo C. Addison & Harold Thwaites (ed.),  Digital HERITAGE 2018. New Realities: Authenticity & Automation in the Digital Age. Proceedings of the 2018 3rd Digital Heritage International Congress
 (DigitalHERITAGE)
 
.  IEEE.  ISBN 978-1-7281-0292-4.  42.
• Liestøl, Gunnar (2019). Augmented Reality Storytelling. Narrative Design and Reconstruction of a Historical Event in situ. International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM).  ISSN 1865-7923.  13(12), s 196- 206 . doi: https://doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v13i12.11560 Full text in Research Archive.
• Dan, Viorela; Ihlen, Øyvind & Raknes, Ketil (2019). Political Public Relations and Strategic Framing: Underlying Mechanisms, Success Factors, and Impact, In Jesper Strömbäck & Spiro Kiousis (ed.),  Political Public Relations. Concepts, Principles, and Applications..  Routledge.  ISBN 9781351053143.  7.  s 146 - 164
• Allern, Sigurd (2019). Journalistikk som "faktasjekking", I: Paul Bjerke; Birgitte Kjos Fonn & Birgit Røe Mathisen (red.),  Journalistikk, profesjon og endring.  Orkana Forlag.  ISBN 9788281043589.  Kapittel 7.  s 167 - 187
• Syvertsen, Trine; Donders, Karen; Enli, Gunn & Raats, Tim (2019). Media disruption and the public interest. Nordic Journal of Media Studies.  ISSN 2003-184X.  1(1), s 11- 28 . doi: 10.2478/njms-2019-0002 Full text in Research Archive.
• Ess, Charles Melvin & Hård af Segerstad, Ylva (2019). Everything Old is New Again: the Ethics of Digital Inquiry and its Design, In Åsa Makitalo; Todd E. Nicewong & Mark Elam (ed.),  Designs for Experimentation and Inquiry. Approaching Learning and Knowing in Digital Transformation.  Routledge.  ISBN 978-1-13-8592711.  10.  s 179 - 196 Show summary

  We review the development of Internet Research Ethics (IRE), specifically as undertaken within the Association of Internet Researchers (AoIR); the most recent guidelines (IRE 3.0) focus on Big Data research techniques that evoke new ethical challenges. We foreground the principle of data-minimization and show how previous approaches to the challenges of informed consent can be made to work in the context of Big Data research.

• Sandberg, Linn; Bjereld, Ulf; Bunyik, Karina; Forsberg, Markus & Johansson, Richard (2019). Issue Salience on Twitter During Swedish Party Leaders' Debates. Nordicom Review.  ISSN 1403-1108.  40(2), s 49- 61 . doi: 10.2478/nor-2019-0033
• Andersen, Mads Møller & Sundet, Vilde Schanke (2019). Producing Online Youth Fiction in a Nordic Public Service Context. View : Journal of European Television History and Culture.  ISSN 2213-0969.  8(16), s 110- 125 . doi: http://doi.org/10.18146/2213-0969.2019.jethc179 Show summary

  This article investigates the conditions for making online youth fiction in a public service context at a time when young people increasingly are abandoning both legacy mass media and linear flow television to consume and share content online. The article’s starting point is the production of online youth fiction in two Nordic public service institutions, the Norwegian NRK and the Danish DR, and it discusses how digitisation and new competitors present both challenges and opportunities for institutions such as these. Furthermore, the article discusses the organisation of online youth fiction in both institutions and investigates how organisational strategies and production cultures come into play in each of these broadcasters’ early signature youth series: the widely popular online teen drama SKAM (NRK, 2015-2017) and the far less known youth series Anton 90 (DR, 2015). Our findings show that it was the pressure imposed by digitisation and new competitors that led these institutions to take new risks with their youth fiction production, changing their production patterns to make short-form drama series tailored to online streaming, and ultimately treating online youth fiction as a distinctly different task than “regular” fiction.

• Fee, Annie (2019). Paris Looks to the North: Swedish Silent Film and the Emergence of Cinephilia, In Arne Lunde (ed.),  Nordic film cultures and cinemas of elsewhere.  Edinburgh University Press.  ISBN 9781474438056.  16.  s 207 - 223
• Rasmussen, Terje (2019). Offentlig mening som politikkens omverden 2000 - 2020. Mediehistorisk tidsskrift.  ISSN 2464-4277.  Årgang 16(32), s 33- 64
• Lundby, Knut (2019). Conflictual Diversity and Contested Cultural Heritage: Newspaper Coverage of Religion in Norway 1938–2018. Temenos.  ISSN 0497-1817.  55(2), s 249- 270 . doi: 10.33356/temenos.87828 Full text in Research Archive.
• Ytreberg, Espen (2019). ‘This Tragically Obscured Summer’: News Media and Uncertainties of Veracity in the 1928 Nobile/Amundsen Disaster. Media History.  ISSN 1368-8804. . doi: 10.1080/13688804.2019.1702006 Full text in Research Archive.
• Maasø, Arnt & Hagen, Anja Nylund (2019). Metrics and decision-making in music streaming. Popular Communication - The International Journal of Media and Culture.  ISSN 1540-5702. . doi: 10.1080/15405702.2019.1701675 Full text in Research Archive. Show summary

  Music streaming enables the tracking of listening behavior in more detail than any previous music-distribution format. While it is well known that streaming services collect troves of data, little is known about how stakeholders, including managers or label executives, make metric-based decisions and how they understand the impact of algorithms. The article uses anonymized interviews with music industry professionals, exploring how they use metrics in streaming services and examining their decision-making processes. The analysis concludes that they rely on a growing volume of data when making decisions about what to promote, and how. Nevertheless, most of the stakeholders focused on fairly simple metrics, such as salient spikes that were noticeable “at a glance.” When discussing these !ndings, we draw attention to the reinforcing feedback loops between metrics, data-based decisions and algorithms, questioning whether data!cation acts to intensify trending events and di"usion of new music.

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• Larsen, Anna Grøndahl; Fadnes, Ingrid & Krøvel, Roy (ed.) (2020). Journalist Safety and Self-Censorship. Routledge.  ISBN 9780367409623.  210 s.
• Briggs, Asa; Burke, Peter & Ytreberg, Espen (2020). A Social History of the Media, 4. utgave. Polity Press.  ISBN 9781509533725.
• Følstad, Asbjørn; Araujo, Theo; Papadopoulos, Symeon; Law, Effie L.-C.; Granmo, Ole-Christoffer; Luger, Ewa & Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (ed.) (2020). Chatbot Research and Design. Third International Workshop, CONVERSATIONS 2019, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, November 19–20, 2019, Revised Selected Papers.. Springer.  ISBN 978-3-030-39540-7.  273 s.
• Ess, Charles Melvin (2020). Digital Media Ethics, 3rd edition. Polity Press.  ISBN 9781509533435.  343 s. Show summary

  The original edition (2009) was the first interdisciplinary textbook to consider the ethical issues of digital media from global, cross-cultural perspectives. The first five chapters explore specific ethical dimensions of digital media, beginning with cyberbullying, privacy, copyright, and then Friendship and Death Online, Slow/Fair Technology, Democracy, Digital Sex, Sexbots and Games. The sixth chapter introduces diverse ethical frameworks applied within each of the first five chapters, including deontology, utilitarianism, feminist ethics and ethics of care, virtue ethics, Confucian ethics, African traditions - as well as discussion of the meta-ethical positions of ethical relativism, ethical monism/absolutism, and ethical pluralism. As with the previous two editions, the 3rd is noted for its accessibility across a wide range of disciplines and for its pedagogical richness and ease of use, starting with a rich array of specific case studies and examples throughout that illustrate how one or more ethical frameworks may or may not be fruitful.

• Rønning, Helge & Slaatta, Tore (2019). The Tools of Literary Politics. The Norwegian Model. Scandinavian Academic Press.  ISBN 978-82-304-0242-9.  152 s.
• Slaatta, Tore; Rønning, Helge & Slaatta, Tore (2019). Litteraturpolitikkens verktøykasse. Den norske modellen. Pax forlag.  ISBN 978-82-530-4121-6.  147 s.

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• Ihlen, Øyvind; Valentini, Chiara; Davidson, Scott & Shavit, Anna (2020). Lobbying, the public interest, and democracy: Communication perspectives. Journal of Public Affairs.  ISSN 1472-3891.  20(2) . doi: 10.1002/pa.2091
• Brønn, Peggy Simcic; Ihlen, Øyvind & Buhmann, Alexander (2020). Kunstig intelligens og PR. Communication for Leaders.
• Spilker, Hendrik Storstein & Maasø, Arnt (2020). An algorithm and interface perspective on why access to unlimited amounts of music does not seem to foster musical diversity.
• Barbovschi, Monica & Staksrud, Elisabeth (2020). The experiences of Norwegian youth (aged 9 to 17) with sexual content online. Show summary

  Summary This report presents the findings about Norwegian adolescents’ experiences with sexual content, including how many saw sexual content, what they consider to be sexual content, where they saw it, how they felt about it and whether their experience was intentional or not. The results are based on data collected in 2018 in the EU Kids Online project, with a representative sample of 1001 children aged 9 to 17. The findings show how the overall percentage of young people who reported seeing sexual content has decreased (40% compared to 46% in 2010), the highest decrease being noticed for the younger children (8% in 2018 compared to 20% in 2010 for 9-10 year olds, and 12% for 11-12 year olds, compared to 26% in 2010). Young people’s perceptions of what ‘counts as’ sexual content vary - some include sexual content that shows people having sex (i.e. pornography), but also images and drawings of naked people (i.e. erotic art). Norwegian children report seeing sexual content via devices connected to the internet, but also on TV, accidental pop-ups, online sharing platforms, or pornographic websites. On average, boys declared having looked intentionally at sexual content more than girls. Of those who saw sexual content, more than half declared they felt nothing special, while girls report being more upset than boys about seeing sexual content (44% versus 18%). More than half of the 9-12 year olds declare they do not know what they felt about seeing sexual content, indicating that younger children need help in discerning what feels OK and what does not feel OK for them. Several factors were investigated to understand more which children feel bothered. Girls who have lower digital skills and who report more restrictive parental mediation tend to be more upset. However, the most significant predictors of girls reporting being upset were having been cyberbullied in the past year and having seen harmful user-generated content online (i.e. ways to be very thin, ways to do self-harm). In terms of practical implications, creating spaces where conversations about sexual content and young people’s sexuality can happen is paramount for them developing positive attitudes towards sexuality and resilience in dealing with unwanted experiences. Finally, addressing poly-victimisation (i.e. the same children experiencing a range of bothersome, risky or harmful things) is needed in order to protect the most vulnerable children.

• Machackova, Hana; Blaya, Catherine; Bedrosova, Marie; Smahel, David & Staksrud, Elisabeth (2020). Children's experiences with cyberhate. Show summary

  We present the findings about cyberhate experiences among 11 to 17 year olds from 10 European countries: Czech Republic, Finland, Flanders, France, Italy, Lithuania, Norway, Poland, Romania, and Slovakia. We investigated cyberhate exposure, which is the experience of encountering hateful content online but not necessarily feeling victimized by it. We revealed that:  There are large differences in the exposure to cyberhate among countries. In France, 21% of children reported that they have been exposed to some hateful content online, but the same was reported by 59% of children in the Czech Republic.  There are also differences in the frequency of the exposure to cyberhate. Daily or weekly exposure was reported by 5% in Italy and Slovakia and 18% in the Czech Republic.  The differences between boys and girls in the cyberhate exposure are not consistent across countries. In Norway and Slovakia, more boys reported that they have been exposed to some hateful content online, while in Romania, slightly more girls reported the same. In other countries, the differences between boys and girls are minimal.  In all countries, older children are more often exposed to cyberhate than younger children. The differences between the youngest and oldest children are sometimes large, such as more than 30 percentage points in the Czech Republic, Norway, Poland, and Romania. We also focused on cyberhate victimization, which is when people are and feel targeted by hateful content online. We found that:  Cyberhate victimization is much less prevalent than exposure to cyberhate content. The experience of cyberhate victimization varied between 3% in Italy and 13% in Poland. Daily or weekly victimization was reported by less than 2% of children in all countries.  There are no gender differences in cyberhate victimization in most of countries. In Poland and Romania, only slightly more boys reported that they had been exposed to some hateful content online (the difference of 3 and 4 percentage points, respectively).  The differences between age groups are also quite small for cyberhate victimization. There is almost no age difference in most of countries. However, in Poland, more older children experience cyberhate victimization than younger children (the difference of 7 percentage points). Finally, we investigated cyberhate aggression, which is when people create, post, or disseminate hateful content online.  Cyberhate aggression is less prevalent than cyberhate victimization: between 1% (Italy) and 8% (Poland, Romania) of children reported that they acted as cyberhate aggressors. Most aggressors reported that they had perpetrated cyberhate only a few times.  There are only small gender differences in cyberhate aggression: in the Czech Republic and Poland, slightly more boys behaved as aggressors (the difference of 5 and 6 percentage points, respectively). In other countries the difference was negligible.  In Norway, cyberhate aggression only very slightly increases with age. On the other hand, in Romania, slightly more younger children than older children reported that they acted as cyberhate aggressors (the difference

• Sundet, Vilde Schanke & Svendsen, Maiken (2020, 07. april). Derfor mener filmkritikerne at «hele» Norge ser på «Tiger King». [Internett].  NRK.no.
• Ingjerd, Helene; Aarli, Ragna; Staksrud, Elisabeth; Mikkelsen, Øyvind; Dyb, Grete & Anfinset, Nils (2020). Hvor ble det av forskningsetikken?. Aftenposten.no.
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae & Valen, Leo (2020). Vi trenger åpne data for å bekjempe korona. Digi.no. Show summary

  Det er viktig at både offentlige helsemyndigheter og private aktører deler data, slik at vi sammen kan bekjempe korona mest mulig effektivt, skriver Petter Bae Brandtzæg og Leo Valen i denne kommentaren.

• Gran, Anne-Britt; Booth, Peter; Ogundipe, Anne; Vestberg, Nina Lager; Røyseng, Sigrid; Hoel, Aud Sissel & Moreno, Valentina (2020). Digitale handlingsmønstre i kunst- og museumssektoren - om forbrukere, museumsledere og kunstnere. DnD-rapport nr. 5.
• Eeg-Tverbakk, Camilla & Archetti, Cristina (2020). Of cross-disciplinary encounters: Introducing movement, breath and other artistic interventions in academic research.. Show summary

  A performance-lecture exploring silent narratives that memories, bodies and artefacts bring to a traditional paper format. We raise open-ended experiential and sensory reflections on how the application of creative approaches to research enables more holistically capturing the complexity, nuance, and ambivalence of human practices.

• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2020, 16. mars). Deltagelse i Studio 2 NRK P2 radio. [Radio].  NRK radio Studio 2. Show summary

  Om falske nyheter og informasjonsepidimi i koronaenstid

• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae & Eriksen, Thomas Hylland (2020). Teknologiens tiår: Frigjøring eller fremmedgjøring. Show summary

  Teknologi finnes rundt oss overalt: i lomma, bilen, hjemmet, og kanskje snart i øyekroken. Man kan knapt oppholde seg noe sted på jorden uten å være oppkoblet til den teknologiske verden, og sjelden unnslipper et øyeblikk uten at oppmerksomheten kapres av et ferskt innlegg. I en verden full av sammenkoblet informasjon, er alt kun et tastetrykk unna, og det som tidligere var helt umulig, er nå helt hverdagslig. Tirsdag 11. februar kommer sosialantropolog Thomas Hylland Eriksen og forsker på sosiale medier og kunstig intelligens, Petter Bae Brandtzæg, for å gi oss noen nye blikk på den ekspanderende teknologiseringen av samfunnet. Er vi i ferd med å miste konsentrasjonsevnen? Kommer AI virkelig til å ta over verden? Gjør teknologien oss deprimerte og syke?

• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2020). Roboter som hater kvinner.
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2020). Kan Facebook gjøre nok i kampen mot falsk og feilaktig korona-informasjon?. Aftenposten (morgenutg. : trykt utg.).  ISSN 0804-3116.
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2020). Selvrapporteringssystem for overvåking av korona må på plass. Nå!. Aftenposten (morgenutg. : trykt utg.).  ISSN 0804-3116.
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2020). Informasjonsepidemi på helsen løs.. Aftenposten (morgenutg. : trykt utg.).  ISSN 0804-3116.
• Smahel, David; Machackova, Hana; Mascheroni, Giovanna; Dedkova, Lenka; Staksrud, Elisabeth; Olafsson, Kjartan; Livingstone, Sonia & Hasebrink, Uwe (2020). EU Kids Online 2020. Survey results from 19 countries. Show summary

  EU Kids Online 2020: Survey results from 19 countries. This report maps the internet access, online practices, skills, online risks and opportunities for children aged 9–16 in Europe. Teams of the EU Kids Online network collaborated between autumn 2017 and summer 2019 to conduct a major survey of 25,101 children in 19 European countries.

• Grøtan, Tor Olav; Fiskvik, Jannicke; Haro, Peter Halland & Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2020). Påvirket utenlandske aktører det norske valget?. Agenda Magasin. Show summary

  Vi ser en rask utvikling mot en uoversiktlig påvirkning av ytringsrommet – med raske endringer, algoritmer, manipulasjon, automatisering, kryptering og nye nettverk. Samtidig har vi erfart at kvalitative og manuelle metoder er viktige for å tolke resultater fra kvantitative og automatiske analyser. Fremtidens digitale påvirkningsmuligheter fordrer betydelige ressurser og utvikling av nye metoder og analyser for å kunne fange opp hva som skjer, og hvordan fremtidens demokratiske valg kan bli påvirket.

• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2020). Digital verden på guttas premisser – hva gjør vi med det?.
• Ytterstad, Andreas (2020). Gretas ord er svidd fast - En oppvisning av intelligent liv. Dagbladet.  ISSN 0805-3766. . doi: https://www.dagbladet.no/kultur/gretas-ord-er-svidd-fast/72178437
• Grøtan, Tor Olav; Fiskvik, Jannicke; Haro, Peter Halland & Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2020). Mistenkelige debattanter sprer desinformasjon, skjuler sine spor. Dagens næringsliv.  ISSN 0803-9372.
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2020). Algoritmenes makt i sosiale medier.
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2020). Teknologiens tiår: Frigjøring eller fremmedgjøring?.
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2020, 26. februar). Verdibørsen om mobiltelefon. [Radio].  NRK P2 Verdibørsen.
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2020). Ytringsfrihetskommisjon uten teknologikompetanse. Aftenposten (morgenutg. : trykt utg.).  ISSN 0804-3116.
• Hausken, Liv (2020). Deepfake, Photography, and Society. Show summary

  The event was hosted by the UiO:Life Science convergence environment, Organ on a chip and the Hybrid Technology Hub-Centre for Organ on a Chip Technology

• Barbovschi, Monica & Staksrud, Elisabeth (2020). The experiences of Norwegian adolescents with online sexual messages. Show summary

  Summary This report presents the findings about Norwegian adolescents’ experiences with sexual messages, including sending/ receiving such messages, and their feelings about those experiences, drawing on data collected in 2018 in the EU Kids Online project, with 1001 children aged 9 to 17. Only adolescents 11 to 17 were asked questions about sexual messages (n=790). Although the overall percentage of adolescents who receive sexual messages has increased (32% compared to 20% in 2010), a relatively low number of younger adolescents engage in sexual communication (7% for 11-12 year olds, no increase from 2010). Part of the sexual communication Norwegian adolescents experience is consensual and part of their exploration and sexual development; however, some of it is not. Almost 25% were upset about receiving sexual messages, most of them girls. Moreover, about the same percentage were asked to send sexual information about themselves when they did not want to. Several factors were put in connection with adolescents experiencing unwanted sexual solicitations, among which: digital skills, parental mediation, (adolescents’ perceptions of a supportive) family and school environment, and cyberbullying. The results show that different adolescents are impacted differently by different factors. Experiencing online aggression (cyberbullying) has the greatest impact on adolescents experiencing unwanted sexual communication, which indicates a pattern of vulnerability which migrates across different risks. Moreover, gender differences were apparent as well, with girls experiencing more protective effects from family and school environments, as well as due to increased digital skills (only older girls). However, the same factors were not relevant for boys in terms of experiencing fewer unwanted requests. In terms of practical implications, addressing toxic peer cultures which perpetuate bullying and victimisation is needed for children to experience positive environments both online and offline. Encouraging a supportive family environment, while important for all children, is particularly relevant for boys to be able to talk about their negative experiences.

• Ytreberg, Espen (2020). Infrastructures in the study of media.
• Ytreberg, Espen (2020). Harald Ulrik Sverdrup og tsjuktsjerene.
• Ytreberg, Espen (2020). Hvordan utforske et liv?.
• Ytreberg, Espen (2020). Panel om MasterChef Australia.
• Sundet, Vilde Schanke & Leinan, Runa (2020, 29. januar). Strømmetjenesten Disney+ til Norge. [TV].  NRK Dagsrevyen.
• Grøtan, Tor Olav; Fiskvik, Jannicke; Haro, Peter Halland; Auran, Per Gunnar; Mathisen, Bjørn Magnus; Karlsen, Geir Hågen; Magin, Melanie & Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2020). På leting etter utenlandsk informasjonspåvirkning En analyse av det norske kommunestyre- og fylkestingsvalget 2019 (Rapport på oppdrag fra Kommunal- og moderniseringsdepartementet). Show summary

  Rapporten beskriver en systematisk undersøkelse av mulige målrettede informasjonspåvirkningsforsøk fra utenlandske aktører på ulike digitale plattformer i forbindelse med det norske kommunestyre- og fylkestingsvalget 9. september 2019. Undersøkelsen er basert på kvantitativ og kvalitativ analyse av innsamlede data fra et utvalg av åpne Facebook-sider, Twitter, tradisjonelle medier og alternative medier. Det er ikke funnet klare tegn på utenlandsk påvirkning, selv om debattklimaet på mange måter ligger til rette for aktører med slike intensjoner. Det er imidlertid påvist at aktører som tilsynelatende er norske brukere fra vårt datamateriale også deltar i mer skjulte og ytterliggående fora på nettet, og at noen av disse inngår i nettverk som systematisk overfører innhold fra ytterliggående nettsteder. Disse aktørene modererer bevisst sin språkbruk når de poster på medier som når ut til en bredere offentlighet, og forsøker å kamuflere denne type aktivitet. Dette illustrerer at det kan være særs vanskelig å skille utenlandsk påvirkning fra annen mistenkelig virksomhet på nettet. Selv om det ikke er påvist påvirkning i det begrensede materialet vi har undersøkt, er det nødvendig med mer forskningsbasert kunnskap på dette viktige området. Det er utviklet et metodegrunnlag som bør utvikles med tanke på fremtidige valg og behandling av større mengder data.

• Ytreberg, Espen (2020). The rise of future contingency: Norwgian news media and pandemics.
• Syvertsen, Trine; Karlsen, Faltin & Bolling, Jørgen (2019). Digital detox på norsk. Norsk Medietidsskrift.  ISSN 0804-8452. . doi: 10.18261/ISSN.0805-9535-2019-02-02
• Oughton, Deborah Helen; Ess, Charles Melvin; Tomkiv, Yevgeniya; Fattibene, Paola; Monaca, Sara Della; Schneider, Thierry; Liutsko, Liudmila; Chumak, Vadim; Barquinero, Francesc & Cardis, Elisabeth (2019). Ethical challenges and implications of dosimetry and health APPs – results of a consensus workshop.
• Andersen, Patrick Lie; Smette, Ingrid & Bredal, Anja (2019). Ungdoms voldserfaringer i et mangfoldsperspektiv.
• Rosten, Monika & Smette, Ingrid (2019). Pious,pragmaticand or pissed-off? Muslim girls in Norway dealing with chastity norms and social control.
• Bakken, Anders; Smette, Ingrid; Bredal, Anja & Rosten, Monika (2019). Parents’ use of integrity violating sanctions in a Norwegian context  .
• Bull, Synne Tollerud (2019). Proxistant Vision. Show summary

  In this dissertation, I have identified a visual modality that combines proximity and distance for which I devised the term proxistant vision. The current proliferation of proxistant vision in contemporary visual culture is an outcome of the recent surge in the development of aerial imaging technologies such as observation wheels, drones and satellites. I have pointed to how smooth proxistant vision (SPV) multiplies across screens and devices through 3D animated flyover effects in digital maps, computer games, architectural models, data visualizations and CGI cinema. I have furthermore demonstrated how this visual modality involves multiple sensor and mapping techniques, where digital environments are made up of datasets translated into wireframe and composite assemblages. The key objective of this research project has been threefold: to trace the genealogy and understand the operation of the proxistant visual modality as it traveled from periphery to center stage in the 21st century mediasphere, to explore its alternative potentialities in contemporary art practices, and, finally, to reflect on the worldviews that underpin smooth proxistant vision. I structured my approach into three chapters pertaining to three aerial strata of machinic operations, with mobility, navigation, and scale figuring as key cartographic concepts respectively. My study of proxistant vision is therefore primarily situated between cinema studies, cartography, art history and media archaeology. I hope to have demonstrated that proxistant vision, although primarily manifested through the moving image today, has emerged from cartographic practices of mobility and navigation and the dream of a scalable world. My dissertation thus serves three purposes. First, it shows how the seemingly different disciplines of cinema and cartography come together in a visual modality that currently proliferates across practices and fields. Secondly, it traces some of the technological and historical contingencies with which proxistant vision operates today. Finally, the dissertation concludes with a reflection on the worldviews that such visual modality may produce.

• Ntulume, Charlotte Kawesa (2019). Framing an African Conflict: Perspectives from the Local Press - An Explanatory Mixed Methods Study of Newspaper Coverage and Framing of the 2013 South Sudan Conflict in Three East African Countries. Show summary

  This mixed methods study analysed coverage and framing of the violent conflict that erupted in South Sudan in December 2013, in leading newspapers in three East African countries (Kenya, South Sudan and Uganda). Grounded in the Framing Theory and in literature on media framing of war and conflict, and of Africa and her conflicts, the study had three objectives. These were: to identify frames in the coverage of the conflict in six English newspapers (two in each of the selected countries); to identify the factors that influenced the framing; and to draw inferences about this faming in relation to Western/international media portrayal of conflicts in Africa as mainly ethnic and tribal. The study used the Explanatory Sequential Design–Follow-up Explanations Model, including quantitative and qualitative content analysis of the coverage and qualitative in-depth interviews with a select number of journalists. The findings show that the dominant frames were: conflict solution, security threat, and humanitarian crisis. Other frames present were: attribution of responsibility, power struggle, economic consequences, ethnic hatreds, and morality. From a country perspective, the conflict solution frame was prominent in the Kenyan press, while humanitarian crisis and security threat were the dominant frames in South Sudan and Uganda respectively. Overall, the coverage did not depict or classify the conflict as typically ethnic, or as having been caused by rivalries between the Nuer and Dinka ethnic groups, although ethnicity served to contextualize the coverage. The factors that influenced framing of the conflict were: sources, access, the hostile media environment, complexity of the conflict, local context and audience interests, and journalists’ own knowledge and convictions about the conflict.

• Ranji, Banafsheh (2019). The Art of Journalism in an Uncertain Context: A Study of Iranian Journalistic Practices. Show summary

  The focus of this study is on the practices of Iranian journalists and the ways in which they struggle to achieve the journalistic objectives that they set for themselves in the Iranian context. This research has three objectives. First, I examine the factors that restrict journalists’ practices. Second, I investigate how journalists navigate these constraints and manage their work. The third aim is to establish an explanation of why Iranian journalists behave in the way that they do in journalism practice. Building on Bourdieu’s theory of practice, and through the arrangement of the concepts of field, habitus, and capital, this research offers an explanation of the variations in journalists’ behaviour and choices of actions, which range from the individual level to the macro-level. The empirical material includes in-depth interviews with 26 journalists working in established media outlets in Iran, and these are analysed through a combination of thematic analysis and grounded theory. This study suggests that three interrelated underlying factors explain the Iranian journalists’ practices: the journalism field, journalists’ habitus, and journalists’ capital. There is a relationship between each of these factors and the journalists’ chances of success in their struggle to make certain strategies operative, to bypass the constraints, and to achieve their journalistic ends. The journalism field consists of the range of interlinked macro-level influences that stem from the political field, and the meso-level influences that stem from news organizations, which shape the journalists’ practices and their chances of success. The findings reveal that the journalists’ practices are also connected to their journalistic habitus, that is, their practical mastery, which is acquired through time and their experience of playing the journalistic game in the particular context of Iran. The journalists’ practical mastery of the game gives them higher chances of success. This study also shows that the journalists’ practices are associated with various forms of resources that they possess, including cultural capital, and internal and external social and symbolic capitals, which give them more strength and higher chances of success in their struggle. These findings propose a model for explaining journalistic practices in Iran, and other relatively restrictive settings in general, and sheds light on the influences of the factors that have been overlooked until now.

• Rønning, Helge (2019). Den unge Frantz Fanon og teatret. Norsk Shakespeare og teatertidsskrift.  (1), s 36- 39
• Vermeulen, Timotheus (2019). Nightly Vertigo. Parole.
• Vermeulen, Timotheus (2019). Five Ways TV Shaped Our Decade (and vice versa). Frieze. Contemporary Art and Culture.
• Vermeulen, Timotheus (2019). 'The English Channel: Revealed! The links between true-crime TV and Brexit'. Frieze. Contemporary Art and Culture.  (207), s 24- 24
• Otchere, Gloria (2019). The present perfect-preterite alternation in Ghanaian English. A corpus-based study of variation. Show summary

  This study examines variation between the indefinite present perfect and the preterite in the location of situations wholly-in-the-past in Ghanaian English (GhE). It follows from general observations about the leveling of the differences between the present perfect and the preterite in native and non-native varieties of English around the world. The aim is to find out the pattern that underlies the variable process in GhE and to attempt an explanation of the pattern by comparing it to the pattern in its historical input variety, British English (BrE), to find out the extent of similarity, and to the pattern in Twi, an indigenous Ghanaian language, to find out possible L1 influence. It takes as its point of departure four linguistic constraints – temporal adverbial specification, clause type, information type, and Aktionsart. The data for GhE and BrE are drawn from the spoken private conversation sections of ICE-GH and ICE-GB and the data for Twi comes from a self-compiled corpus of (Asante) Twi broadcast discussions. In addition to univariate analyses to access the distribution of individual constraints, multivariate analyses are carried out to ascertain the strength of each constraint in relation to one another since in practice, none of the constraints ever occurs alone in any indefinite present perfect clause. The binary logistic regression function of IBM SPSS v25 is used to run the multivariate analyses. As the study is aimed at exploring linguistic relationships among three data sets, the methods of the comparative sociolinguistic streak of the variationist framework are adopted. Decisions about similarity or difference between datasets are based on the three lines of evidence in this framework: statistical significance, relative strength and constraint hierarchy. The present study adopts Meyerhoff’s (2012) “framework for typologising outcomes of language contact” which is itself based on the comparative sociolinguistic streak, to determine the extent of language transfer. The results show that the variation in GhE is constrained by the clause type and information type factor groups. The clause type factor group exerts the stronger influence and the information type factor group exerts the weaker influence. The constraint hierarchy is given information, main clause > new information, subordinate clause. This pattern was completely different from the pattern in BrE and Twi. The study thus concludes that GhE seems to be developing its own independent constraints as far as the variable process is concerned. The study recommends, among other things, that future research examine more constraints and use a bigger Twi corpus.

• Krüger, Steffen (2019). Goatse & tubgirl - mannlige online-subkulturer og deres hatobjekter. Arr. Idéhistorisk tidsskrift.  ISSN 0802-7005.
• Krüger, Steffen (2019). It's over / It never began - Aggressive Akte der Selbst- und Fremdstigmatisierung in männlichen Internet-Subkulturen. Psyche.  ISSN 0033-2623. . doi: 10.21706/ps-73-9-771
• Allern, Sigurd & Pollack, Ester (2019). "Is something rotten" in the welfare states of Scandinavia? Nordic political scandals in a shakespearean perspective.
• Allern, Sigurd & Pollack, Ester (2019). True or false? The difficult art of political fact-checking in Norwegian and Swedish journalism.
• Ess, Charles Melvin (2019). From the digital to a post-digital era?, In Mireille Hildebrandt & Kieron O'Hara (ed.),  Life and the Law in the Era of Data-Driven Agency.  Edward Elgar Publishing.  ISBN 978 1 78897 199 7.  Chapter 7.  s 105 - 118
• Ess, Charles Melvin (2019). Intercultural privacy: a Nordic perspective, In Hauke Behrendt; Wulf Loh; Tobias Matzner & Catrin Misselhorn (ed.),  Privatsphäre 4.0. Eine Neuverortung des Privaten im Zeitalter der Digitalisierung.  J.B. Metzler - a part of Springer Nature.  ISBN 978-3-476-04860-8.  4.  s 73 - 88
• Grøtan, Tor Olav; Fiskvik, Jannicke; Haro, Peter Halland; Auran, Per Gunnar; Mathisen, Bjørn Magnus; Magin, Melanie; Brandtzæg, Petter Bae & Karlsen, Geir Hågen (2019). På leting etter utenlandsk informasjonspåvirkning. En analyse av det norske kommunestyre- og fylkestingsvalget 2019. SINTEF rapport 2019:01292. Show summary

  Rapporten beskriver en systematisk undersøkelse av mulige målrettede informasjonspåvirkningsforsøk fra utenlandske aktører på ulike digitale plattformer i forbindelse med det norske kommunestyre- og fylkestingsvalget 9. september 2019. Undersøkelsen er basert på kvantitativ og kvalitativ analyse av innsamlede data fra et utvalg av åpne Facebook-sider, Twitter, tradisjonelle medier og alternative medier. Det er ikke funnet klare tegn på utenlandsk påvirkning, selv om debattklimaet på mange måter ligger til rette for aktører med slike intensjoner. Det er imidlertid påvist at aktører som tilsynelatende er norske brukere fra vårt datamateriale også deltar i mer skjulte og ytterliggående fora på nettet, og at noen av disse inngår i nettverk som systematisk overfører innhold fra ytterliggående nettsteder. Disse aktørene modererer bevisst sin språkbruk når de poster på medier som når ut til en bredere offentlighet, og forsøker å kamuflere denne type aktivitet. Dette illustrerer at det kan være særs vanskelig å skille utenlandsk påvirkning fra annen mistenkelig virksomhet på nettet. Selv om det ikke er påvist påvirkning i det begrensede materialet vi har undersøkt, er det nødvendig med mer forskningsbasert kunnskap på dette viktige området. Det er utviklet et metodegrunnlag som bør utvikles med tanke på fremtidige valg og behandling av større mengder data.

• Smette, Ingrid (2019, 29. september). Minoritetsforeldre endrer oppdragelse av egne barn. [Radio].  P4.
• Fee, Annie (2019, 27. desember). Film-tiåret 2010–2019.  Vårt Land.
• Lundby, Knut (2019). Motkultur og motsetninger. Anmeldelse av Dag Kullerud: "Dagen 1919–2019. Kulturell motstemme i hundre år".. Mediehistorisk tidsskrift.  ISSN 2464-4277.  16(2), s 144- 149
• Slettemark, Asbjørn; Erdal, Marta Bivand; Sundet, Vilde Schanke & Joof, Channeh Maram (2019). Beforeigners - Hva om det virkelig skjedde?. Show summary

  I HBO-serien Beforeigners, kommer det en slags innvandrere til Oslo. Men de er fremvandrere: ikke fra et annet land, men fra en annen tid. Når disse menneskene fra fortiden plutselig dukker opp, endres Oslo. Hvordan gjenspeiler serien frykten eller håpet rundt migrasjon og integrering i dagens Oslo? Er det noe vi kan lære av fiktiv integrering av «flertemporale» fremvandrere? Og hva om dette virkelig skjedde? Hvordan hadde vi håndtert det? Oslo Peace Days har samlet eksperter fra Universitetet i Oslo, Oslo kommune og PRIO for å prate om Beforeigners, Oslo, det norske samfunnet, fremvandring, migrasjon og integrering.

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