Nalan Azak

• Azak, Nalan (2026). Antibiotic use in Türkiye: Everyday encounters of translating policy and negotiating rationality. Medical Anthropology Quarterly. ISSN 0745-5194. doi: 10.1111/maq.70086. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Abstract Antibiotic use surged during COVID‐19 despite it being a viral illness, heightening global concerns about antimicrobial resistance (AMR). In Türkiye ‐ where antibiotic consumption and AMR were already high ‐ this paradox exposed longstanding tensions between policy and practice. Türkiye has adopted World Health Organization guidelines promoting the “rational” ( akılcı ) use of antibiotics, yet everyday healthcare encounters reveal how these reforms are translated, negotiated and reinterpreted. Drawing on fieldwork in Istanbul, this article shows how local expectations of antibiotics as symbols of care and professional competence shape prescription and use. Rather than aligning practice with policy, stewardship reforms are absorbed into existing moral and relational norms, reinforcing rather than transforming existing dynamics of care. Global stewardship attempts, as they filter through local systems, understandings and situated priorities, are vernacularized in ways that diverge from their original intentions ‐ redistributing accountability without addressing the structural conditions that shape antibiotic use.

• Wigen, Einar; Azak, Nalan; Eskild, Ingrid; Jordheim, Helge; Lie, Anne Helene Kveim & Yerlioglu, Akif Ercihan [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Temporal technologies of epidemics. Medical Humanities. ISSN 1468-215X. 48(4). doi: 10.1136/medhum-2021-012253. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Azak, Nalan & Wigen, Einar (2022). “Whatever They Say I Do the Opposite”: Vaccine Resistance in Turkey During the Covid-19 Pandemic. Medical Anthropology. ISSN 0145-9740. 41(8), s. 778–793. doi: 10.1080/01459740.2022.2142578. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Following a 2015 ruling in the Turkish Supreme Court, vaccine resistance has increased significantly in Turkey. Where childhood vaccination was once compulsory, it is now voluntary, enabling the transformation of Turkish lay medical culture. This medical culture rose in political importance during the COVID-19 pandemic. Yet, little is known about vaccine hesitancy and resistance in Turkey, and the interconnections with the wider political atmosphere in the country. We draw upon fieldwork conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic and explore the rationales behind people’s vaccination choices. We argue that vaccines encouraged by the state offer citizens opportunities for individuation and resistance to the more generalized coercive practices of the Turkish state.

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• Azak, Nalan (2022). Interview with Nalan Azak by Olof Heilo. [Journal]. Kalabalik! No. 10-11. Bulletin of the Swedish Research Institute in Istanbul. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Azak, Nalan (2021). “Bleeding antibiotics”: Negotiating care and trust in Turkish healthcare infrastructures. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Antibiotic prescriptions make up a quarter of all prescriptions in Turkey. These locally ‘ordinary’ pharmaceutical commodities are used as tokens of care, enablers of treatment and legitimisers of illness to navigate in everyday healthcare infrastructures. Patients express embodied experiences of antibiotics circulating in their blood stream to reveal the abundance of antibiotic use in their medical histories. Yet access to antibiotics is becoming increasingly regulated, which is necessitating negotiations of care and trust amongst patient, doctors and pharmacists. Antibiotics, which for a long time have been reliable and easily accessible objects of care, are now proving less effective as treatment. With the growing concern of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), the over-the-counter sales of antibiotics have stopped in Turkey since 2015. Which means that antibiotics are only legally available through a doctor’s prescription. Moreover, the COVID-19 pandemic has recently limited doctor consultations, further restricting access to prescription medication. This paper explores the implications of the recent regulations and AMR on prescription practices, patient experiences and patient-doctor relationships within antibiotic infrastructures. The research draws on a three-month ethnographic fieldwork in Istanbul, Turkey, to understand negotiations of care and trust in processes of prescribing and acquiring antibiotics during the COVID-19 pandemic. The theoretical framework of the research is rooted in medical anthropology. Drawing on qualitative interviews with doctors, pharmacists and patients, as well as participant observation in an unfolding pandemic, this study shows that antibiotic prescription processes are becoming embedded in negotiations between patients, doctors and pharmacists. Moreover, despair amidst tension and uncertainty is increasing the contingency of navigating care and trust in the healthcare system to enable alternative ways of access to antibiotics.

• Azak, Nalan (2021). Tinkering immunity: healthcare at the interface of antibiotics and resistant microbial lifetimes. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Antibiotics cure bacterial infections by eradicating bacteria. When they do so, they do not discriminate against vital bacteria that we host in our bodies for a healthy immune system. Moreover, every encounter between antibiotics and microbes is an opportunity for microbial life to develop resistance to our shrinking antibiotic resources. With the consumption of these once seemingly silver bullet antibiotic solutions, the human gut microbiota becomes a fragile home to antibiotic resistant bacteria, compromising immunity and health. This paper explores the biosocial manifestations of immunity in an environment where multiple human and more-than-human lifetimes collide. What happens when the afterlives of antibiotics become embedded in our bodies? The theoretical framework of the research is rooted in medical anthropology. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork in Istanbul, Turkey, and qualitative interviews with doctors, pharmacists and patients in an unfolding pandemic, this study shows how healthcare and maintaining immunity becomes a matter of adaptive tinkering through medicines and foods.

• Azak, Ayse Nalan (2020). “We Have No Corona Here”: Biosocial Dynamics and Rhythmic Shifts In Turkey. Times of COVID-19 Blog. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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