Pål Kolstø

• Kolstø, Pål (2022). A Specter from the Past: the Balkanization of Europe? Nationalities Papers. ISSN 0090-5992. 50, s. 1–3. doi: 10.1017/nps.2022.42.
• Kolstø, Pål & Blakkisrud, Helge (2021). Russian Neighborhood Policy and Its Eurasian Client States: No Autocracy Export. Russia in Global Affairs. ISSN 1810-6374. 19(2), s. 38–62. doi: 10.31278/1810-6374-2021-19-2-38-62. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Do authoritarian regimes engage in active export of their political systems? Or are they primarily concerned about their geopolitical interests? This article explores these questions by examining Russia's policy towards Abkhazia, South Ossetia, and Transnistria. In all three de facto states, Moscow is fully able to dictate election outcomes should it desire to, but, we argue, has increasingly refrained from doing so. These client states are unlikely to attempt to escape from Russia's tutelage; and with its geopolitical interests fully ensured, Russia appears willing to grant them latitude. We then ask whether these findings can be extrapolated to serve as a template for understanding Russia’s policy towards its client states more generally, discussing Moscow’s reactions to attempted regime change in Armenia and Belarus.

• Blakkisrud, Helge; Gelashvili, Tamta; Kemoklidze, Nino & Kolstø, Pål (2020). Navigating de facto statehood: trade, trust, and agency in Abkhazia’s external economic relations. Eurasian geography and economics. ISSN 1538-7216. doi: 10.1080/15387216.2020.1861957. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  What opportunities and trade-offs do de facto states encounter in developing economic ties with the outside world? This article explores the complex relationship between trade and trust in the context of contested statehood. Most de facto states are heavily dependent on an external patron for economic aid and investment. However, we challenge the widespread assumption that de facto states are merely hapless pawns in the power-play of their patrons. Such an approach fails to capture the conflict dynamics involved. Drawing on a case study of Abkhazia, we explore how this de facto state navigates between its "patron" Russia, its "parent state" Georgia, and the EU. The conflict transformation literature has highlighted the interrelationship between trust and trade – but how does this unfold in the context of continued nonrecognition and contested statehood? Does trade serve to facilitate trust and hence prospects for conflict transformation? With Abkhazia, we find scant correlation between trust and trade: in the absence of formal recognition, trade does not necessarily facilitate trust. However, the interrelationship between trade, trust, and recognition proves more complex than expected: we find less trust in the patron and more trade with the parent than might have been anticipated.

• Kolstø, Pål (2020). ‘Authoritarian Diffusion, or the Geopolitics of Self-Interest? Evidence from Russia’s Patron–Client Relations with Eurasia’s De Facto States’. Europe-Asia Studies. ISSN 0966-8136. doi: 10.1080/09668136.2020.1806209. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Kolstø, Pål (2020). Biting the hand that feeds them? Abkhazia–Russia client–patron relations. Post-Soviet Affairs. ISSN 1060-586X. 36(2), s. 140–158. doi: 10.1080/1060586X.2020.1712987. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Kolstø, Pål (2019). Dmitrii Medvedev's commission against the falsification of history: Why was it created and what did it achieve? A reassessment. Slavonic and East European Review. ISSN 0037-6795. 97(4), s. 738–760. doi: 10.5699/slaveasteurorev2.97.4.0738.
• Kolstø, Pål (2019). Dmitrii Medvedev's Commission Against the Falsification of History: Why Was It Created and What Did It Achieve? A Reassessment. Slavonic and East European Review. ISSN 0037-6795. 97(4), s. 738–760. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  In spring 2009, three initiatives were taken in Moscow to control public presentation of Russian history: two bills were prepared for the Duma that would criminalize ‘the rehabilitation of Nazism’ and shortly afterwards President Dmitrii Medvedev established a commission, mandated to ‘counteract attempts to falsify history to the detriment of the interests of Russia.’ The article examines why President Medvedev felt it necessary to establish such a commission, how the commission was composed and worked, and what it achieved. While the Duma bills and the commission have usually been treated as initiatives that pulled in the same direction, I argue that they were fundamentally at odds with each other. In my interpretation, the commission was intended not to promote but to obstruct the passing of the new laws.

• Kolstø, Pål (2019). Iver Neumann og utenriksdebatten i Norge. Internasjonal Politikk. ISSN 0020-577X. 77(2), s. 140–147. doi: 10.23865/intpol.v77.1589. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Kolstø, Pål (2019). An inconvenient anniversary: how Russia did (not) celebrate the centenary of the Russian Revolution. I Myklebost, Kari Aga & Bones, Stian (Red.), In the North, the East and West Meet: Festschrift for Jens Petter Nielsen. Orkana Forlag. ISSN 9788281043442. s. 61–78. Vis sammendrag

  This Festschrift is dedicated to Professor of High North Studies Jens Petter Nielsen on his 70th anniversary, in celebration of his long and fruitful professional life as a historian. It contains 25 articles written by the celebrant’s colleagues and collaborating partners from the Nordic countries and Russia. Thematically, the articles cover topical research areas within Jens Petter Nielsen’s own authorship, such as Soviet and Russian historiography, the history of the northern regions, and bilateral relations between the northernmost states of Europe. As a gesture of honour, the Festschrift is edited in accordance with many of Jens Petter Nielsen’s own books and articles, accepting articles in Norwegian, Russian and English and thus allowing the authors to publish in their mother tongue. Summaries in English follow each article.

• Kolstø, Pål (2019). Antemurale thinking as historical myth and ethnic boundary mechanism. I Berezhnaya, Liliya & Hein-Kircher, Heidi (Red.), Rampart Nations: Bulwark myths of East European Multiconfessional Societies in the Age of Nationalism. Berghahn Books. ISSN 9781789201475. s. 347–373. doi: 10.2307/j.ctv12pns5t.19.
• Kolstø, Pål (2019). Is imperialist nationalism an oxymoron? Nations and Nationalism. ISSN 1354-5078. 25(1), s. 18–44. doi: 10.1111/nana.12449. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  According to Ernest Gellner’s celebrated definition, nationalism is a political principle that holds that the political and the national unit should be congruent. Based on this definition, Alexander Motyl has declared that “nationalism and imperialism are polar types”. Even so, dozens of books and articles have used the concept of “imperialist nationalism” without any qualms. Is this just a matter of terminological confusion, or does it reflect a deeper disagreement on what the phenomenon of nationalism actually is? In the lecture I discuss the concept of “imperialist nationalism” as used in the standard literature and find that numerous historical actors take pride in being both nationalists and imperialists. I distinguish between overseas colonial empires and contiguous land-based empires, and demonstrate that in both cases “imperialist nationalism” can be found. In the latter case, nationalism can take the shape of either “nation-building imperialism”, in which nationalists strives for cultural homogenization throughout the state, or “ethnocratic imperialism”, in which the distinction between “the imperial nation” and other national groups are retained. In colonial empires I find only ethnocratic imperialism. As a case study, I analyze how Russian nationalists have related to the fact that Russia has historically been an Empire.

• Kolstø, Pål (2019). The concept of 'rootedness' in the struggle for political power in the Former Soviet Union in the 1990s. I Côté, Isabelle M.; Mitchell, Matthew I. & Toft, Monica Duffy (Red.), People changing places: new perspectives on demography, migration, conflict, and the state. Routledge. ISSN 978-0-8153-6076-6. s. 107–127. doi: 10.4324/9781351117623-6.
• Blakkisrud, Helge & Kolstø, Pål (2018). 'Restore Moscow to the Muscovites': Othering 'the migrants' in the 2013 Moscow mayoral elections. I Kolstø, Pål & Blakkisrud, Helge (Red.), Russia before and after Crimea: Nationalism and Identity, 2010-17. Edinburgh University Press. ISSN 9781474433853. s. 236–257. doi: 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474433853.003.0010.
• Kolstø, Pål & Blakkisrud, Helge (2018). Introduction: Exploring Russian nationalisms. I Kolstø, Pål & Blakkisrud, Helge (Red.), Russia before and after Crimea: Nationalism and Identity, 2010-17. Edinburgh University Press. ISSN 9781474433853. s. 1–20. doi: 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474433853.003.0001.
• Kolstø, Pål (2017). St. Georgsløyfen i russisk nasjonsbygging. Arr - Idéhistorisk tidsskrift. ISSN 0802-7005. 29(3/4), s. 113–123.
• Blakkisrud, Helge & Kolstø, Pål (2017). Regime Development and Patron–Client Relations: The 2016 Transnistrian Presidential Elections and the "Russia Factor". The Journal of Post-Soviet Democratization. ISSN 1074-6846. 25(4), s. 503–528. Vis sammendrag

  In December 2016, Transnistria held presidential elections in which, after an exceptionally loud and dirty campaign, the incumbent yielded power to his main opponent. This article explores regime evolution in the breakaway republic through the prism of these elections. First, drawing on the literature on hybrid regimes, we ask what the recent campaign can tell us about regime evolution in Transnistria. Second, arguing that, in the case of Eurasian de facto states, this literature must be complemented by a discussion of the role of the patron state, we then turn to the importance of the "Russia factor." We conclude by arguing that, due to Transnistria's dependency on its Moscow patron, this factor always looms large – but not necessarily in the ways that might be expected.

• Blakkisrud, Helge & Kolstø, Pål (2017). Stavropol as "Russia's Kosovo"? Nationalist mobilization and public response in a Russian region. Post-Soviet Affairs. ISSN 1060-586X. 33(5), s. 370–388. doi: 10.1080/1060586X.2017.1355716. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Kolstø, Pål & Jelovica, Vatroslav (2016). Strategije simbolične izgradnje nacije u državama Jugoistocne Europe: ciljevi i rezultati. I Pavlakovic, Vjeran & Korov, Goran (Red.), Strategije simbolične izgradnje nacije u državama. Srednja Europa. ISSN 978-953-7963-55-2. s. 1–26.
• Kolstø, Pål (2016). The significance of the Russian imperial tradition today. I Gottlieb, Christian (Red.), Russia and the Nordic countries. Fondet for norsk dansk samarbeid. s. 24–33.
• Kolstø, Pål (2016). “Western Balkans” as the new Balkans: regional names as tools for stigmatization and exclusion. Europe-Asia Studies. ISSN 0966-8136. 68(7), s. 1245–1263. doi: 10.1080/09668136.2016.1219979. Vis sammendrag

  The word ‘Balkans’ often functions as a stigma. Several authors have discussed the bloodbath during the wars in the former Yugoslavia with references to an alleged Balkan culture. Towards the end of the 1990s the term ‘Balkans’ entered the official vocabulary of the European Union, now with the prefix ‘Western’. ‘The Western Balkans’ became a common denominator for non-member states in South Eastern Europe. A survey in 2011 in the ‘Western Balkans’ showed that those who live there, to a large extent share this view: membership in Western organizations like the EU determine whether a country is ‘European’ or ‘Balkan’.

• Kolstø, Pål (2016). “Marriage of convenience? Collaboration between nationalists and liberals in the Russian opposition, 2011–2012”. Russian Review. ISSN 0036-0341. 75(4), s. 645–663. doi: 10.1111/russ.12107.
• Kolstø, Pål (2016). ‘Symbol of the war—but which one? The St George ribbon in Russian nation-building’. Slavonic and East European Review. ISSN 0037-6795. 94(4), s. 661–702. doi: 10.5699/slaveasteurorev2.94.4.0660. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The article examines the short but eventful history of the St. George ribbon which since 2005 has been used in Russia as a symbol of the Soviet victory in the Great Fatherland War. The ribbon ‘action’ has become a major societal and political event, involving millions of participants in various activities in the weeks leading up to Victory Day, 9 May. Since the main purpose of state-sponsored national symbols is to provide nodal points around which the people can develop a common political identity, and the St. George ribbon campaign must therefore be regarded as a great success. However, the Putin regime has increasingly politicized this symbol which today is also to a high degree a badge of allegiance to the Kremlin and its policies. Particularly after the outbreak of war in Eastern Ukraine the St. George ribbon has become highly controversial in most of the former Soviet republics.

• Kolstø, Pål (2016). “Crimea vs. Donbass: how Putin won Russian nationalist support—and lost it again”. Slavic Review: Interdisciplinary Quarterly of Russian, Eurasian, and East European Studies. ISSN 0037-6779. 75(3), s. 702–725. doi: 10.5612/slavicreview.75.3.0702. Vis sammendrag

  The article analyzes how the nationalist segment of the Russian public has engaged in attempts to interpret and evaluate the Crimean annexation and the war in Donbass. The Crimean annexation was justified in the Kremlin by a novel use of nationalist rhetoric. Initially, this rhetoric paid off particularly well – boosting Putin’s popularity ratings and endearing him to virtually all Russian nationalists. He could present himself as the foremost defender both of ethnic Russians abroad and of Russia’s state interests, stealing the thunder from Russian ethnonationalists and the state-centered nationalists alike. However, in spite of the initial euphoria, the war in Eastern Ukraine has antagonized the nationalist segment of the Russian public which had been won over by the Kremlin only months earlier. Russian TV footage of burned houses in East Ukrainian towns and hamlets prompted questions about why Putin was not doing more to defend them.

• Kolstø, Pål (2016). The ethnification of Russian nationalism. I Kolstø, Pål & Blakkisrud, Helge (Red.), The New Russian Nationalism. Imperialism, Ethnicity and Authoritarianism 2000-15. Edinburgh University Press. ISSN 9781474410427. s. 18–46. doi: 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474410427.003.0002.
• Kolstø, Pål (2016). Introduction: Russian nationalism is back - but precisely what does that mean? I Kolstø, Pål & Blakkisrud, Helge (Red.), The New Russian Nationalism. Imperialism, Ethnicity and Authoritarianism 2000-15. Edinburgh University Press. ISSN 9781474410427. s. 1–18. doi: 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474410427.003.0001.
• Kolstø, Pål (2015). John Armstrong: typologies and grand narratives. Nations and Nationalism. ISSN 1354-5078. 21(1), s. 177–181. doi: 10.1111/nana.12108.
• Pegg, Scott & Kolstø, Pål (2015). Somaliland: Dynamics of internal legitimacy and (lack of) external sovereignty. Geoforum. ISSN 0016-7185. 66, s. 193–202. doi: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2014.09.001. Vis sammendrag

  Despite its strong legal and historical claims to sovereignty, the Republic of Somaliland remains entirely unrecognized by the international community more than 20 years after it proclaimed independence from Somalia in 1991. Paradoxically, Somaliland’s lack of external legitimacy has, in some ways, facilitated the growth and development of its internal legitimacy. In contrast, Somalia enjoys widespread external recognition from the international community but has very little domestic legitimacy and largely fails to govern effectively the territory it claims. Somaliland’s high degree of domestic legitimacy and its strong desire for external recognition increasingly come into conflict with one another both in the eastern parts of Somaliland and in the continued democratic development of its hybrid domestic political institutions. The safest prediction for Somaliland is continued de facto statehood where its strong internal legitimacy enables it to survive in a hostile external environment but fails to translate into widespread sovereign recognition of its significant domestic accomplishments. Ultimately, though, Somaliland’s ability to deliver the ‘‘goods’’ on economic development and poverty reduction for its citizens will be significantly hampered without external recognition of its domestic achievements.

• Kolstø, Pål (2014). Orthodoxie. I George, Martin; Herlth, Jens; Münch, Christian & Schmid, Ulrich (Red.), Tolstoj als theologischer Denker und Kirchenkritiker. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. ISSN 978-3-525-56007-5. s. 528–540.
• Kolstø, Pål (2014). Identifying with the old or the new state: Nation-building vs. Yugonostalgia in the Yugoslav successor states. Nations and Nationalism. ISSN 1354-5078. 20(4), s. 760–781. doi: 10.1111/nana.12071. Vis sammendrag

  The article examines to what degree political nostalgia complicates national consolidation in new states. A survey in six Yugoslav successor states in 2011 showed that while yugonostalgics in some countries were less loyal than others towards the new state this was not the case in Serbia, probably because its citizens tend to see their country as a continuation of former Yugoslavia. In Croatia, the number of respondents who felt as a Yugoslav has gone down since independent far more than in any other state; probably a result of a massive public campaign to discredit continued identification with the former state.

• Kolstø, Pål & Paukovic, Davor (2014). The Short and Brutish Life of Republika Srpska Krajina: Failure of a De Facto State. Ethnopolitics. ISSN 1744-9057. 13(4), s. 309–327. doi: 10.1080/17449057.2013.864805.
• Kolstø, Pål (2014). Il nation-building in Russia: una strategia orientata sui valori. Nazioni e Regioni. Studi e ricerche sulla comunità. ISSN 2282-5681. 3(3), s. 43–69.
• Kolstø, Pål (2014). Russia's nationalists Flirt with Democracy. Journal of Democracy. ISSN 1045-5736. 25(3), s. 120–134. doi: 10.1353/jod.2014.0050.
• Kolstø, Pål (2014). Competing with entrepreneurial diasporians: origins of anti-Semitism in nineteenth-century Russia. Nationalities Papers. ISSN 0090-5992. 42(4), s. 691–707. doi: 10.1080/00905992.2013.879290.
• Kolstø, Pål (2014). ' "Balkan", "Europa", og EU: Sørøst-Europas symbolske geografi i endring.'. Nytt Norsk Tidsskrift. ISSN 0800-336X. 31(1), s. 5–16.
• Kolstø, Pål & Jelovica, Vatroslav (2014). Conclusions: Success and Failure of Nation-building. Structural vs. Political Factors. s. 227–242.
• Kolstø, Pål (2014). Introduction. s. 1–19.
• Kolstø, Pål (2014). Stalins etniske terror. I Hagtvet, Bernt; Brandal, Nikolai & Thorsen, Dag Einar (Red.), Folkemordenes svarte bok, 2. utgave. Universitetsforlaget. ISSN 9788215020884. s. 261–278.
• Kolstø, Pål (2013). Hyrje (oversatt fra Introduction). I Krasniqi, Vjollca (Red.), Kombformimi simbolik në evropën juglindore. N.G.L. grafika. ISSN 978-9951-400-01-5.
• Kolstø, Pål & Schmid, Ulrich (2013). Fame, Sainthood and Iurodstvo: Patterns of Self-Presentation in Tolstoi's Life Practice. Slavic and East European Journal. ISSN 0037-6752. 4(57).
• Kolstø, Pål (2013). Faulted for the wrong reasons: Soviet institutionalisation of ethnic diversity and Western (mis)interpretations. I Cordell, Karl; Agarin, Timofey & Osipov, Alexander (Red.), Institutional Legacies of Communism: Change and Continuities in minority protection. Routledge. ISSN 9780415638739. s. 31–44.
• Blakkisrud, Helge & Kolstø, Pål (2012). Die Gesellschaft der PMR. I Bochmann, Klaus; Dumbrava, Vasile; Muller, Dietmar & Reinhardt, Victoria (Red.), Die Republik Moldau: Ein Handbuch. Leipziger Universitätsverlag. ISSN 9783865835574. s. 571–582.
• Kolstø, Pål & Blakkisrud, Helge (2012). De facto states and democracy: The case of Nagorno-Karabakh. Communist and Post-Communist Studies. ISSN 0967-067X. 45(1-2), s. 141–151. doi: 10.1016/j.postcomstud.2012.03.004. Vis sammendrag

  De facto states are often dismissed as 'failing states'. However, in Freedom House rankings of political rights and civil liberties, they sometimes perform better than their parent states – as has been the case with Nagorno-Karabakh. This article examines the development of democracy in Nagorno-Karabakh against a checklist of factors assumed to be relevant: cultural homogeneity, size, existential threats, role of the diaspora, and the consequences of continued non-recognition. Drawing on fieldwork and interviews with central actors, the authors conclude that, contrary to what might be expected non-recognition has played a main role in the democratization process.

• Kolstø, Pål & Rusetskii, Aleksander (2012). Power Differentials and Identity Formation: Images of Self and Other on the Russian-Georgian Boundary. National Identities. ISSN 1460-8944. 14(2), s. 139–155. doi: 10.1080/14608944.2011.646974. Vis sammendrag

  This article looks at how Russia places herself in relation to one of her southern neighbours, Georgia, and vice versa. Russia and Georgia have recently been engaged in a short but full-fledged war, hence their interrelationship has been intensely debated in both countries. Both Russia and Georgia are, as it were, poised ‘between East and West’. As a starting point, therefore, we hypothesized that Russians would present themselves as a European nation while they would orientalise the Georgians. Conversely, the Georgians would define themselves into and the Russians out of Europe. We found, however, that identity construction on the Russian-Georgian border is not symmetrical. While the Georgian discourse basically confirmed our assumption, in Russia the dominant discourse is that Russia and Georgia are closely related, fraternal peoples. This shows the importance of power relations in the study of reciprocal identity formations. While hegemonic discourses often are discourses of exclusion our study shows that a discourse of inclusion—in our case a rhetoric of ‘brotherhood’—often may be a more effective technique of domination. The prevailing discourse in the weaker group, on the other hand, will focus more on cultural distance towards the more powerful Other.

• Tønnessen, Helene & Kolstø, Pål (2012). Journalistic identities and war reporting : coverage of the 2008 Russian-Georgian war in the Russian press. Scando-Slavica. ISSN 0080-6765. 58(1), s. 101–121. doi: 10.1080/00806765.2012.669917. Vis sammendrag

  The article analyzes the coverage of the Russian-Georgian war in August 2008 in three leading Russian newspapers, the official Rossijskaja gazeta, the tabloid Komsomol´skaja pravda, and the oppositional Novaja gazeta. A total of 247 articles on the war written in the three papers between 8 and 14 August 2008 were examined; in addition, seven journalists who had worked as war reporters in the war zone were interviewed. To the war reporters in all three newspapers their professional identity as journalists was clearly important. They were proud of the work they did, and reflected on their role as mediators of information to the public. They defined the task of the journalist in basically the same way: it meant giving a balanced and objective account of what actually happened. Even so, they covered the war in very different ways. To a large extent, the journalistic culture and political sympathies of the various papers determined what the correspondents “saw” on the ground.

• Blakkisrud, Helge & Kolstø, Pål (2012). Dynamics of de facto statehood: the South Caucasian de facto states between secession and sovereignty. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies. ISSN 1468-3857. 12(2), s. 281–298. doi: 10.1080/14683857.2012.686013. Vis sammendrag

  Scattered across the globe there exist a handful of unrecognized statelets. Although some such entities have proven short-lived, others have demonstrated remarkable tenacity. The South Caucasian de facto states – Abkhazia, South Ossetia and Nagorno-Karabakh – have existed for almost 20 years now. This article offers a comparative analysis of how these statelets have attempted to consolidate statehood though processes of state- and nation-building. Despite many outward similarities, both ambitions and outcomes have varied greatly. Interestingly, whether the ultimate goal has been independent statehood or status is seen only as a springboard for unification with ethnic kin does not seem to be a decisive point.

• Kolstø, Pål (2012). Innledning, Den russiske idé. Solum. ISSN 9788256017041. s. 9–20.
• Blakkisrud, Helge & Kolstø, Pål (2012). Yielding to the sons of the soil: Abkhazian democracy and the marginalization of the Armenian vote. Ethnic and Racial Studies. ISSN 0141-9870. 36(12), s. 2075–2095. doi: 10.1080/01419870.2012.675079.
• Kolstø, Pål (2011). "The Serbian-Croatian controversy over Jasenovac". I Ramet, Sabrina Petra & Listhaug, Ola (Red.), Serbia and the Serbs in World War two. Palgrave Macmillan. ISSN 978-0-230-27830-1. s. 225–246. doi: 10.1057/9780230347816_11.
• Kolstø, Pål (2011). Beyond Russia becoming local, Trajectories of adaption to the fall of the Soviet Union among ethnic Russians in the former Soviet Republics. Journal of Eurasian Studies. ISSN 1879-3665. 2(2), s. 153–163. doi: 10.1016/j.euras.2011.03.006.
• Kolstø, Pål (2011). THE CROATIAN CATHOLIC CHURCH AND THE LONG ROAD TO JASENOVAC. Nordic Journal of Religion and Society. ISSN 0809-7291. 24(1), s. 37–56.
• Kolstø, Pål & Blakkisrud, Helge (2011). 'Separatism is the mother of terrorism': internationalizing the security discourse on unrecognized states. I Caspersen, Nina & Stansfield, Gareth (Red.), Unrecognized States in the International System. Routledge. ISSN 9780415582100. s. 110–127.
• Blakkisrud, Helge & Kolstø, Pål (2011). From Secessionist Conflict Toward a Functioning State: Processes of State- and Nation-Building in Transnistria. Post-Soviet Affairs. ISSN 1060-586X. 27(2), s. 178–210. doi: 10.2747/1060-586X.27.2.178. Vis sammendrag

  How have the Transnistrian authorities sought to consolidate de facto statehood in the absence of international recognition? Starting from the idea that the time factor will eventually transform secessionists into state-builders, this article traces how the processes of state- and nation-building promoted by the Transnistrian de facto authorities have evolved since the early 1990s. Drawing on official sources, interviews, journalism, and the political science literature, the domestic dimensions of state- and nation-building in de facto state conflicts are examined. These include fulfillment of basic requirements of state-building, development of economic viability, and nationbuilding processes that attempt to create a unifying identity.

• Kolstø, Pål (2010). Bleiburg: The Creation of a National Martyrology. Europe-Asia Studies. ISSN 0966-8136. 62(7), s. 1153–1174. doi: 10.1080/09668136.2010.497024.
• Kolstø, Pål (2010). "For here we do not have an enduring city": Tolstoy and the Strannik Tradition in Russian Culture. Russian Review. ISSN 0036-0341. 69(1), s. 119–134. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9434.2010.00550.x%0D%0A10.1111/j.1467-9434.2010.00557.x.
• Kolstø, Pål (2009). Discourse and Violent conflict: Representations of 'self'-'other' in the Yugoslav successor states. s. 1–20.
• Kolstø, Pål (2009). Discourse and violence. s. 235–243.
• Kolstø, Pål (2009). Sources of Russian Anti-Semitism in the Late Nineteenth Century: A Socio-Economic Explanation. Scando-Slavica. ISSN 0080-6765. 55(1), s. 43–64.
• Kolstø, Pål (2008). STALINS ETNISKE TERROR: RASISME ELLER RAISON D'ETAT? I Hagtvet, Bernt (Red.), Folkemordenes svarte bok. Universitetsforlaget. ISSN 978821501308-4. s. 186–205.
• Kolstø, Pål (2008). Diskurs i nasilni sukob: predstave o "sebi" i "drugom" u državama nastalim posle raspada Jugoslavije. I Djeric, Gordana (Red.), Intima Javnosti. Edicija Reč. ISSN 978-86-7718-071-3. s. 13–39.
• Kolstø, Pål (2008). Zaključak: diskurs i nasilie. I Djeric, Gordana (Red.), Intima Javnosti. Edicija Reč. ISSN 978-86-7718-071-3. s. 370–382.
• Kolstø, Pål (2008). Nationalism, ethnic conflict, and job competition: non-Russian collective action in the USSR under perestroika. Nations and Nationalism. ISSN 1354-5078. 14(1), s. 151–169.
• Kolstø, Pål & Blakkisrud, Helge (2008). Living with non-recognition: State- and Nation-building in South Caucasian Quasi-states. Europe-Asia Studies. ISSN 0966-8136. 60(3), s. 483–509. doi: 10.1080/09668130801948158. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Kolstø, Pål (2008). The elder at Iasnaia Poliana - Lev Tolstoi and the Orthodox starets tradition. Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History. ISSN 1531-023X. 9(3), s. 533–554. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

Se alle arbeider i Cristin

• Kolstø, Pål (2022). Strategic Uses of Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict: Interest and Identity in Russia and the Post-Soviet Space. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 9781474495004. 284 s. Vis sammendrag

  Argues that nationalism and ethnic conflict can be used as strategies to achieve power and influence Collects 8 thoroughly revised articles and book chapters, together with a new introductory theoretical chapter, based on Pål Kolstø's 30 years of study of nationalism and ethnic conflict in post-Soviet states Uses inter-related case studies in Russia and the former Soviet Union Theoretically informed, with both an overarching theoretical framework and chapter-specific theoretical discussions Shows how the resurgence of ethnonationalism in the post-Soviet world compells us to re-examine the dynamics of ethnic conflict Based on specific empirical cases, drawing on a wealth of primary sources With a new introductory theoretical chapter, the book collects eight thoroughly revised articles and book chapters on nationalism and ethnic conflict in post Soviet states. Kolstø examines how the drivers behind ethnic conflicts in the non-Russian republics were not only the struggles for collective identities but also more mundane interests, such as competition for jobs and positions. He also analyses the transformations of Russian nationalism, both among the ruling elite and in the opposition, with a particular focus on the use of symbolism. Exploring nationalism as a pervasive feature of politics in the modern world, Kolstø argues that both state leaders and 'ethnic entrepreneurs' employ nationalist rhetoric and stratagems to further their political agendas and achieve particular goals. He examines some of the ways this is used as a political strategy and focuses on nationalism at the societal level and as a state strategy.

• Kolstø, Pål & Blakkisrud, Helge (2018). Russia before and after Crimea: Nationalism and Identity, 2010-17. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 9781474433853. 334 s.
• Kolstø, Pål & Risteski, Ljupco (2016). Strategii za simbolicka izgradba na natiajata vo Jugoistocna Evropa. Institut za etnologija i antropologija. ISBN 9-786084762058. 312 s.
• Kolstø, Pål & Blakkisrud, Helge (2016). The New Russian Nationalism. Imperialism, Ethnicity and Authoritarianism 2000-15. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 9781474410427. 424 s.
• Berdjajev, Nikolaj & Kolstø, Pål (2012). Den russiske idé. Solum. ISBN 9788256017041. 373 s.
• Kolstø, Pål (2008). Russland bak nyhetsbildet: Folket, historien, politikken, kulturen. Aschehoug & Co. ISBN 9788203235795. 258 s.

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• Mjør, Kåre Johan; Myhre, Marthe Handå; Kolstø, Pål & Kulås, Guri (2022). Berga brør eller forviste fiendar? [Avis]. Klassekampen.
• Haga, Lars Peder & Kolstø, Pål (2022). Professor mener Putins prosjekt har skåret seg fullstendig. Er han i ferd med å miste grepet? Bergens Tidende. ISSN 0804-8983.
• Kolstø, Pål; Blakkisrud, Helge; Flikke, Geir; Moe, Arild; Myklebost, Kari Aga & Neumann, Iver Brynild [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Russerne er ikke kollektivt skyldige i Putins krig. Aftenposten (morgenutg. : trykt utg.). ISSN 0804-3116.
• Kolstø, Pål (2022). Intervju om Putins ideologi og verdensbilde. [Radio]. Verdibørsen, P2.
• Kolstø, Pål (2021). No End to History. Russia in Global Affairs. ISSN 1810-6374. 19(4), s. 63–66. doi: 10.31278/1810-6374-2021-19-4-60-76.
• Blakkisrud, Helge; Kemoklidze, Nino; Kolstø, Pål & Gelashvili, Tamta (2021). Trade, Trust, and De Facto State Conflicts: Abkhazia’s International Economic Engagement. All the Russias: NYU Jordan Center for the Advanced Study of Russia.
• Kolstø, Pål (2021). Creating a Yawning Gap between Neighbours: Civilization Rhetoric among Ukrainians and Belarusians vis-à-vis Russia .
• Kolstø, Pål (2021). Hoch, Tomáš, & Kopeček, Vincenc (eds). De facto states in Eurasia. London: Routledge, 2019, anmeldelse. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute. ISSN 1359-0987. 27(4), s. 1003–1004.
• Kolstø, Pål (2021). 'The Western Balkans’ as the New Balkans: Regional Names as Tools for Stigmatisation and Exclusion. Vis sammendrag

  The word ‘Balkans’ often functions as a stigma. Several authors have discussed the bloodbath during the wars in the former Yugoslavia with references to an alleged Balkan culture. Towards the end of the 1990s the term ‘Balkans’ entered the vocabulary of the European Union, now with the prefix ‘Western’. ‘The Western Balkans’ became a common denominator for non-member states in South Eastern Europe. A survey in 2011 in the ‘Western Balkans’ shows that those who live there, to a large extent share this view: membership in Western organizations like the EU determine whether a country is ‘European’ or ‘Balkan’.

• Kolstø, Pål & Blakkisrud, Helge (2021). Not So Traditional After All? The Russian Orthodox Church's Failure as a "Moral Norm Entrepreneur". Vis sammendrag

  "Traditional values" is a key trope in the conservative rhetoric dominant in Russian political and social discourse since Putin's return to the presidency in 2012. The Russian Orthodox Church (ROC) has been a major source of this "conservative turn" - with Patriarch Kirill arguing the need for a return to "traditional values" ever since the early 2000s, long before the Kremlin began to push the same agenda. Viewing moral and ethical questions as its special preserve, the ROC has sought, in relations with Russian society (and with the world at large), to act as an agenda-setter in developing and promoting moral norms, taking up the role as a "moral norm entrepreneur."

• Kolstø, Pål (2021). Cultural Memory as Both Contributor and Impediment to Nationbuilding.
• Kolstø, Pål (2021). RUSSIA’S NEIGHBORHOOD POLICY AND ITS EURASIAN CLIENT STATES.
• Kolstø, Pål (2021). The traditional family“ in Russian Orthodox ideology and praxis.
• Kolstø, Pål (2021). Weiss-Wendt, Anton. Putin‘s Russia and the falsification of history: reasserting control over the past. Bloomsbury Academic 2021. Anmeldelse. Slavonic and East European Review. ISSN 0037-6795. 99(2), s. 378–380.
• Slezkine, Yuri; Krastev, Ivan; Aust, Martin; Sowa, Jan; Enyuan, Wu & Lieven, Anatol [Vis alle 18 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2020). Victimhood olympics. Russia in Global Affairs. ISSN 1810-6374. 18(4), s. 62–99. doi: 10.31278/1810-6374-2020-18-4-62-99.
• Kolstø, Pål (2019). Chernobyl - hva skjedde egentlig? Et seminar om tv-serien Chernobyl. Vis sammendrag

  Oslo Peace Days har samlet tre eksperter for å prate om Sovjetunionen, autoritære regimer og Chernobyl-serien. Hva skjedde egentlig? Kunne noe liknende ha skjedd i dag? Marianne Dahl, PRIO Håvard Mokleiv Nygård, PRIO Pål Kolstø, Professor Russland, Sentral-Europa og Balkan, ILOS, Universitetet i Oslo Denne samtalen ledes av journalisten Asbjørn Slettemark, som til daglig er serieanmelder i Aftenposten

• Kolstø, Pål (2018). “Russians in Norway and their views on Putin, Russia and the world”.
• Kolstø, Pål (2018). Russkii vopros, intervju med russiskspråklig latvisk TV. [TV]. LTV.LV.
• Kolstø, Pål (2018). Dramatisk splitting. intervju om bruddet mellom Den russisk-ortodokse kirke og patriarken i Konstantinopel. [Avis]. Dag og Tid.
• Kolstø, Pål (2018). Ortodoksien i Russland. [TV]. NRK.
• Kolstø, Pål (2018). Putinisme og russisk ortodoksi.
• Kolstø, Pål (2018). Russian nationalism and the annexation of Crimea.
• Kolstø, Pål (2018). The role of the St George ribbon in Russian nationbuilding.
• Kolstø, Pål (2018). Discussing David Laitin’s book “identity information” .
• Kolstø, Pål (2018). Revolution and War in Contemporary Ukraine: The Challenge of Change. Ed. Olga Bertelsen. Soviet and Post-Soviet Politics and Societies, no. 161. Ibidem: Stuttgart, 2017. 430 pp. $50.00, paper. Slavic Review: Interdisciplinary Quarterly of Russian, Eurasian, and East European Studies. ISSN 0037-6779. 77(1). doi: 10.1017/slr.2018.41.
• Kolstø, Pål (2018). "Six new years with Putin – what now?" Introduction and discussion.
• Kolstø, Pål (2018). "Is imperialist nationalism an oxymoron?".
• Kolstø, Pål (2018). "Iver Neumann, NUPI og utenriksdebatten".
• Kolstø, Pål (2018). "intervju om diplomatisk krise Russland/Storbritannia. [Radio]. Studio 2, P2.
• Kolstø, Pål (2018). The St. George ribbon in Russian nationbuilding.
• Kolstø, Pål (2018). The annexation of Crimea and Russian nationalism.
• Kolstø, Pål (2017). Den russiske revolusjon 100 år.
• Kolstø, Pål (2017). Putin og putinismen.
• Kolstø, Pål (2017). foredrag om ny russisk nasjonalisme.
• Kolstø, Pål & Blakkisrud, Helge (2017). Book symposium. The new Russian nationalism: imperialism, ethnicity and authoritarianism 2000–2015. Nationalities Papers. ISSN 0090-5992. 45(4), s. 716–719.
• Kolstø, Pål (2017). Mischa Gabowitsch, Protest in Putin’s Russia, Cambridge: Polity Press, 2017. (anmeldelse). Slavonic and East European Review. ISSN 0037-6795. 95(3), s. 591–594.
• Kolstø, Pål (2017). 100år siden 1917 -- Revolusjon og demokrati.
• Kolstø, Pål (2016). Voved. I Kolstø, Pål & Risteski, Ljupco (Red.), Strategii za simbolicka izgradba na natiajata vo Jugoistocna Evropa. Institut za etnologija i antropologija. ISSN 9-786084762058. s. 1–21.
• Kolstø, Pål & Jelovica, Vatroslav (2016). zaklucoci: uspekh i neuspekh vo izgrabata na nacijata, strukturni nasproti politicki faktori. I Kolstø, Pål & Risteski, Ljupco (Red.), Strategii za simbolicka izgradba na natiajata vo Jugoistocna Evropa. Institut za etnologija i antropologija. ISSN 9-786084762058. s. 259–277.
• Kolstø, Pål (2016). Russlands rolle i Nagorno-Karabakh-konflikten.
• Kolstø, Pål (2016). Voter apathy versus patriotic mobilization in Russia.
• Kolstø, Pål (2016). anmeldelse av Halvor Tjønn, «Russland blir til. Fra vikingene til Ivan den grusomme». Nordisk Østforum. ISSN 0801-7220. 30(1), s. 55–57. doi: 10.17585/nof.v30.394.
• Kolstø, Pål (2015). Этнификация национализма в России (etnifisering av nasjonalisme i Russland).
• Kolstø, Pål (2015). Этнификация национализма в России .
• Kolstø, Pål (2015). Symbol of the war – but of which one? The St. George ribbon in Russian nation building .
• Kolstø, Pål (2015). Crimea vs. Donbass: how Putin won Russian nationalist support—and lost it again.
• Kolstø, Pål (2015). Putins symbolske genistrek. Klassekampen. ISSN 0805-3839. s. 38–39.
• Kolstø, Pål (2015). 'Russisk nasjonalisme etter annekteringen av Krim'.
• Kolstø, Pål (2015). "Hva vil Putin?". Aftenposten (morgenutg. : trykt utg.). ISSN 0804-3116.
• Kolstø, Pål (2014). (anmeldelse) Koinova, Maria. Ethnonationalist Conflict in Postcommunist States: Varieties of Governance in Bulgaria, Macedonia and Kosovo. National and Ethnic Conflict in the Twenty-First Century. University of Pennsylvania. Slavonic and East European Review. ISSN 0037-6795. 92(4), s. 791–792.
• Kolstø, Pål (2014). Kan ha snudd maktforholdene i Ukraina på hodet. (Om nedskytingen av MH17 i Øst-Ukraina). [Avis]. Aftenposten.
• Kolstø, Pål (2014). Strategies of symbolic nation-building. main findings.
• Kolstø, Pål (2014). den politiske utviklingen på Krimhalvøya og forholdet mellom Ukraina og Russland.
• Kolstø, Pål (2014). propagandakrig om Ukraina. [Radio]. Verdens rikeste land, P3.
• Kolstø, Pål (2014). Hatretorikk skaper frykt (om krisen i Ukraina). [Avis]. Klassekampen.
• Kolstø, Pål (2014). intervju om situasjonen i Øst-Ukraina. [Radio]. NRK 1 Dagsnytt 0830.
• Kolstø, Pål (2014). hva skjer i Øst-Ukraina. [Radio]. NRK 1 Dagsnytt 0830.
• Kolstø, Pål (2014). Symbolic Nation-building in South Eastern Europe.
• Kolstø, Pål (2014). Etnonasjonalismens grenser. Klassekampen. ISSN 0805-3839. s. 14–15.
• Kolstø, Pål (2014). Contemporary Russian 'national democrats', what kind of nation, what kind of democracy?'.
• Kolstø, Pål (2014). Пол Кольсте: Между Косовом и Крымом есть существенная разница. [Internett]. Pravda.ru.
• Kolstø, Pål (2014). Om etniske forhold i Russland/Russisk identitet. [Radio]. NRK P2 Ekko.
• Kolstø, Pål (2014). Om Putin og Krim-krisen. [Radio]. NRK P2 Verden på lørdag.
• Kolstø, Pål (2014). En helt ny Putin som står frem. [Internett]. NRK Nyheter, nett.
• Kolstø, Pål (2014). Om innlemming av Krim i Russland. [Radio]. NRK Dagsnytt kl 1600.
• Kolstø, Pål (2014). Om krimtatarene. [Radio]. NRK Dagsnytt kl 1530.
• Kolstø, Pål (2014). Ukraina: forholdet til Russland: Overrasket over Putin. feature-intervju. [Avis]. Stavanger Aftenblad.
• Kolstø, Pål (2014). om Vladimir Putin. [Radio]. programmet "Ekko", NRK, P2.
• Kolstø, Pål (2014). "Grunnlov og demokrati i Russland. Fra Stalin til Putin.".
• Kolstø, Pål (2014). Om krim-krisen. [Radio]. NRK Dagsnytt kl 1600.
• Kolstø, Pål (2014). om Ukraina etter Euromaidan. [TV]. TV2 Nyhetskanalen.
• Kolstø, Pål (2014). innslag om uro og vold i Ukraina. [Radio]. Nyhetsmorgen.
• Kolstø, Pål (2014). Etnisitet, demokrati og fremmedfrykt i den nye russiske nasjonalismen. Aftenposten Innsikt. ISSN 1890-6931. 7(2), s. 40–41.
• Kolstø, Pål (2013). Moskva -- fremmedfryktens by. Aftenposten Innsikt. ISSN 1890-6931. 11, s. 26–27.
• Kolstø, Pål (2013). Anmeldelse. National Symbols in Multinational States: The Yugoslav CaseSvein Mønnesland. Oslo: Sypress Forlag 2013379 sider. ISBN 9788291224541. Nordisk Østforum. ISSN 0801-7220. 27(4), s. 413–416.
• Kolstø, Pål (2013). anmeldelse av Jussi Lassila, The Quest for an ideal Youth in Putin’s Russia II: The Search for Distinctive Conformism in the Political Communication of Nashi, 2005-2009. Stuttgart: Ibidem forlag 2012. 226 sider. ISBN-13: 978-3-8382-0415-4. Nordisk Østforum. ISSN 0801-7220. 27(3), s. 293–295.
• Kolstø, Pål (2013). Anmeldelse av Nina Caspersen, Unrecognized states: The struggle for sovereignty in the modern International system. Cambridge, Polity press, 2012. Nationalities Papers. ISSN 0090-5992. 41(4), s. 677–678.
• Kolstø, Pål (2013). Etnisk mangfold på spill. Klassekampen. ISSN 0805-3839. s. 21–21.
• Kolstø, Pål (2013). «Europa», «Balkan», og andre merkelapper: Sørøst-Europas symbolske geografi i endring.
• Kolstø, Pål (2013). Moscow -- city of xenophobia. Transitions online (TOL). Vis sammendrag

• Kolstø, Pål (2013). Moskva -- fremmedfryktens by. Aftenposten (morgenutg. : trykt utg.). ISSN 0804-3116. 154.
• Kolstø, Pål (2013). Den russisk-ortodokse kirke, dens rolle i russisk historie og i russisk samfunn i dag.
• Kolstø, Pål (2012). discussant til Vebjørn Horsfjords foredrag om den russisk-ortodokse kirke og menneskerettighetene.
• Kolstø, Pål (2012). Studying the countries of Eurasia/Russia in Norway: intrinsic and applied value.
• Kolstø, Pål (2012). Hva er nytt i russisk politikk?
• Kolstø, Pål (2012). Innlegg om blasfemi i Russland. [Radio]. NRK, P2, Verdibørsen.
• Kolstø, Pål (2012). What is new in Russian politics after the 2011/2012 elections?
• Kolstø, Pål (2012). Den russisk-ortodokse kirke idag.
• Kolstø, Pål (2012). Russisk filosofi – finnes den? om Nikolaj Berdjajevs bok Den russiske ide.
• Kolstø, Pål (2012). “Identifying with the old or the new state: nation-building vs. yugonostalgia in the Yugoslav successor states”.
• Kolstø, Pål (2011). (review of Michelle Commercio) Russian Minority Politics in Post-Soviet Latvia and Kyrgyzstan: The Transformative Power of Informal Networks. Slavic Review: Interdisciplinary Quarterly of Russian, Eurasian, and East European Studies. ISSN 0037-6779. 70(2), s. 490–491.
• Kolstø, Pål (2011). Why are there so many secessionist conflicts in the Caucaus?
• Kolstø, Pål (2011). Russian Minority Politics in Post-Soviet Latvia and Kyrgyzstan: The Transformative Power of Informal Networks. Slavic Review: Interdisciplinary Quarterly of Russian, Eurasian, and East European Studies. ISSN 0037-6779. 70(2), s. 490–491.
• Kolstø, Pål (2011). Jødenes stiling i Russland rundt forrige århundreskifte.
• Kolstø, Pål (2011). Images of Self and Other on the Russian-Georgian Boundary.
• Kolstø, Pål (2011). 'Trajectories of adaption to the fall of the Soviet Union among ethnic Russians in the former Soviet republics'.
• Kolstø, Pål (2011). Democracy in de facto states: the case of Nagorno-Karabakh.
• Kolstø, Pål (2011). Key Note Speech: Theoretical aspects on the rise and fall of de facto states.
• Kolstø, Pål (2011). Abkhazia, South Ossetia and Transnistria as Russia’s Client States: Degrees of Independent Agency for Eurasia’s ‘De Facto States’.
• Kolstø, Pål (2011). Foreword, The New Third Rome. Readings of a Russian Nationalist Myth. University of Bergen. s. xiii–xvii.
• Kolstø, Pål (2011). 'Russian ultra-nationalism and the new ‘others’', introduction to a seminar.
• Kolstø, Pål (2010). anmeldelse, Per-Arne Bodin, Language, canonization and holy foolishness : studies in Postsoviet Russian culture and the orthodox tradition, 2009: Stockholm: Acta Universitatis Stockholmiensis. Nordisk Østforum. ISSN 0801-7220. 24(4), s. 419–421.
• Kolstø, Pål (2010). Sentrale milepæler i russisk historie.
• Kolstø, Pål & Blakkisrud, Helge (2010). De facto states and democracy: the case of Nagorno-Karabakh.
• Kolstø, Pål (2010). anmeldelse, Elisabeth L’orange Fürst: Hva skal vi med frihet? Fortellinger fra Moldova før,under og etter Sovjetunionen. Oslo: Abstrakt forlag 2009. 235 sider. Sosiologisk Årbok. ISSN 0808-288X. s. 176–179.
• Kolstø, Pål (2010). innslag på 'Her og nå' NRK, om konflikten i Sør-Kirgisistan. [Radio]. NRK.
• Kolstø, Pål (2010). intervju om forskningsprosjektet Spinning out of Control. [Radio]. Kulturnytt, NRK2.
• Kolstø, Pål (2010). voldelige demonstrasjoner in Kirgisistan. [TV]. NRK Dagsnytt 18.
• Kolstø, Pål (2010). voldelige demonstrasjoner in Kirgisistan. [Radio]. Radioselskapet.
• Kolstø, Pål (2010). om Dmitrij Medvedjev. [TV]. NRK Dagsnytt 18.
• Kolstø, Pål (2010). ‘The phenomenon and legacy of the obnovlenchestvo (Renewal movement) in Russian church experience’.
• Kolstø, Pål (2010). The Serbian-Croatian controversy over Jasenovac.
• Kolstø, Pål (2010). Beyond Russia, becoming local: trajectories of adaption to the fall of the Soviet Union among ethnic Russians in the former Soviet republics. Vis sammendrag

  Immediately after the break-up of the Soviet Union it was feared that the large groups of ethnic Russians in the former Soviet republics outside Russia would serve as catalysts for violent conflict in and among the new states. With one exception – the civil war in Moldova -- this did not come to pass. While there are clearly a number of reasons for this felicitous outcome, a lack of mobilization among the Russians diasporians themselves is clearly one of them. This passivity can in part by explained by the identity pattern typically found among them: already a long time before perestroika they had developed ‘an identity of their own’ which set them apart from Russians elsewhere. The paper makes use of Albert Hirschman’s celebrated typology ‘Exit, Voice and Loyalty’ to examine the trajectories of adaptation after the fall of the Soviet Union among ethnic Russians in the former Soviet republics. It concludes that Voice had been the least common response, and Exit, while initially strong in many places, has gradually tapered off. Moreover, as outmigration siphoned off those least willing to readjust, the groups that stayed behind are integrating, and even assimilating, to an increasing degree.

• Kolstø, Pål (2010). Hvor går Ukraina og Hviterussland?
• Kolstø, Pål (2010). 'Josef Stalin i dagens Russland', rundebordsamtale.
• Kolstø, Pål (2009). Norge-Russland: godt naboskap med vekslende kontakt. I Gjølme, Anne Marie (Red.), Frå vikingtokt til oljefat: Handel og kulturkontakt mellom Rogaland og Russland gjennom 1000 år. Hå gamle prestegard. ISSN 82-90813-31-7. s. 18–27.
• Kolstø, Pål (2009). (review) Gwendolyn Sasse, The Crimea Question: Identity, Transition and Conflict.Cambridge, MA: Harvard University press. 2007. XI + 400 pages. Nations and Nationalism. ISSN 1354-5078. 152, s. 365–367.
• Kolstø, Pål (2009). Karsten J.Møller: Fra kaos til Putin. Brudstykker af det moderne Ruslands historie (anmeldelse). Nordisk Østforum. ISSN 0801-7220. 1, s. 73–75.
• Kolstø, Pål (2009). Europe's Last Frontier? Belarus, Moldova, and Ukraine between Russia and the European Union. Russian Review. ISSN 0036-0341. 68(1), s. 172–172.
• Kolstø, Pål (2009). The Crimea Question: Identity, Transition and Conflict. Nations and Nationalism. ISSN 1354-5078. 15(2), s. 365–367.
• Kolstø, Pål (2009). anmeldelse av Per Anders Todal, Fanden på flat mark: Historier frå Kviterussland. Samlaget 2009. Dag og Tid. ISSN 0803-334X.
• Kolstø, Pål (2009). innslag om Russland og Dmitrij Medvedjevs siste tale. [TV]. Dagsnytt 18.
• Kolstø, Pål (2009). ‘1989 and the political usages of historical myths’.
• Kolstø, Pål (2009). Dmitrij Medvedjev-- lille-Putin, eller president med egen agenda?
• Kolstø, Pål (2009). Våkner bjørnen? Går Russland i en mer ekspansiv retning?
• Kolstø, Pål (2009). 'nasjonal vs. etnisk selvråderett'.
• Kolstø, Pål (2009). Hvorfor er Russland så fascinerende?
• Kolstø, Pål (2009). Den russisk-ortodokse kirken og hva den betyr for russerne.
• Wigen, Einar; Kolstø, Pål; Flikke, Geir & Blakkisrud, Helge (2011). The Shifting Geopolitics of the Black Sea Region: Actors, Drivers, Challenges. NUPI. ISSN 978-82-7002-303-5. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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