Pål Kolstø

• Kolstø, Pål (2019). An inconvenient anniversary: how Russia did (not) celebrate the centenary of the Russian Revolution, In Kari Aga Myklebost & Stian Bones (ed.),  In the North, the East and West Meet: Festschrift for Jens Petter Nielsen.  Orkana Forlag.  ISBN 9788281043442.  chapter 4.  s 61 - 78 Vis sammendrag

  The Centenary of the October Revolution in November 2017 seems to have been rather inconvenient for the Kremlin. Should 1917 be celebrated as a bright dawn after a long night of reactionary tsarist authoritarianism – or as marking the descent into a nightmare of oppression and suffering? Surveys show that opinions on this matter were sharply divided in Russian society. Both czarists and liberals denounced the communist period as an unmitigated disaster, while members of the Communist Party and other Soviet nostalgics continued to hail Lenin and Stalin as great leaders, and celebrated the revolutionary anniversary every year. In the end, no Kremlin leader participated in any celebrations of the October Revolution, while the Conservative Minister of culture, Vladimir Medinskii, tried to frame the Centenary as an occasion for “reconciliation and national unity,” something which the communists rejected as an affront.

• Kolstø, Pål (2019). Antemurale thinking as historical myth and ethnic boundary mechanism, In Liliya Berezhnaya & Heidi Hein-Kircher (ed.),  Rampart Nations: Bulwark myths of East European Multiconfessional Societies in the Age of Nationalism.  Berghahn Books.  ISBN 9781789201475.  Chapter 13.  s 347 - 373
• Kolstø, Pål (2019). Dmitrii Medvedev's Commission Against the Falsification of History: Why Was It Created and What Did It Achieve? A Reassessment. Slavonic and East European Review.  ISSN 0037-6795.  97(4), s 738- 760 Vis sammendrag

  In spring 2009, three initiatives were taken in Moscow to control public presentation of Russian history: two bills were prepared for the Duma that would criminalize ‘the rehabilitation of Nazism’ and shortly afterwards President Dmitrii Medvedev established a commission, mandated to ‘counteract attempts to falsify history to the detriment of the interests of Russia.’ The article examines why President Medvedev felt it necessary to establish such a commission, how the commission was composed and worked, and what it achieved. While the Duma bills and the commission have usually been treated as initiatives that pulled in the same direction, I argue that they were fundamentally at odds with each other. In my interpretation, the commission was intended not to promote but to obstruct the passing of the new laws.

• Kolstø, Pål (2019). Is imperialist nationalism an oxymoron?. Nations and Nationalism.  ISSN 1354-5078.  25(1), s 18- 44 . doi: 10.1111/nana.12449
• Kolstø, Pål (2019). Is imperialist nationalism an oxymoron?. Nations and Nationalism.  ISSN 1354-5078.  25(1), s 18- 44 . doi: 10.1111/nana.12449 Vis sammendrag

  According to Ernest Gellner’s celebrated definition, nationalism is a political principle that holds that the political and the national unit should be congruent. Based on this definition, Alexander Motyl has declared that “nationalism and imperialism are polar types”. Even so, dozens of books and articles have used the concept of “imperialist nationalism” without any qualms. Is this just a matter of terminological confusion, or does it reflect a deeper disagreement on what the phenomenon of nationalism actually is? In the lecture I discuss the concept of “imperialist nationalism” as used in the standard literature and find that numerous historical actors take pride in being both nationalists and imperialists. I distinguish between overseas colonial empires and contiguous land-based empires, and demonstrate that in both cases “imperialist nationalism” can be found. In the latter case, nationalism can take the shape of either “nation-building imperialism”, in which nationalists strives for cultural homogenization throughout the state, or “ethnocratic imperialism”, in which the distinction between “the imperial nation” and other national groups are retained. In colonial empires I find only ethnocratic imperialism. As a case study, I analyze how Russian nationalists have related to the fact that Russia has historically been an Empire.

• Kolstø, Pål (2019). Iver Neumann og utenriksdebatten i Norge. Internasjonal Politikk - Skandinavisk tidsskrift for internasjonale studier.  ISSN 0020-577X.  77(2), s 140- 147 . doi: 10.23865/intpol.v77.1589 Vis sammendrag

  Iver Neumann begynte sin akademiske karriere som Russland-forsker, og selv om han senere har utvidet sitt repertoar av studieområder kraftig har han hele tiden beholdt også en interesse for Russland, både landets historie og dets aktuelle politikk. Han tok med seg sin brede teoretiske skolering inn i russlandstudiet, og tilførte dermed norsk russlandforskning viktige nye perspektiver. Særlig verdifulle er hans identitetsstudier, basert på blant annet Fredrik Barths nyansatser i antropologien. Samtidig som Neumann er en svært meritert og sitert forsker har han aldri nøyd seg med å bidra til den rene vitenskapen, han har også kastet seg ut i samfunnsdebatten generelt og utenriksdebatten spesielt. Her har han ofte viklet seg inn i mange ikke alltid like fruktbare polemikker der han har forfektet postmodernistiske posisjoner. I hans kommentarer til dagsaktuell politikk i både Russland og Norge adskiller analysen seg likevel ofte ikke i særlig grad fra gjengse «realistiske» perspektiver. Både som forsker og mediekommentator utmerker Neumann seg med et meget bevisst forhold til språket. Han spiller på hele registeret av stilistiske nyanser, både på norsk og engelsk, noe som gjør hans tekster til en fryd å lese. Hans vilje og evne til å spissformulere seg i intervjuer og korte avisartikler kan imidlertid til tider gjøre hans uttalelser i overkant bombastiske.

• Kolstø, Pål (2019). The concept of 'rootedness' in the struggle for political power in the Former Soviet Union in the 1990s, In Isabelle M. Côté; Matthew I. Mitchell & Monica Duffy Toft (ed.),  People changing places: new perspectives on demography, migration, conflict, and the state.  Routledge.  ISBN 978-0-8153-6076-6.  Chapter 6.  s 107 - 127
• Blakkisrud, Helge & Kolstø, Pål (2018). 'Restore Moscow to the Muscovites': Othering 'the migrants' in the 2013 Moscow mayoral elections, In Pål Kolstø & Helge Blakkisrud (ed.),  Russia before and after Crimea: Nationalism and Identity, 2010-17.  Edinburgh University Press.  ISBN 9781474433853.  9.  s 236 - 257 Vis sammendrag

  Today, the Russian Federation has the second largest migrant population in the world in absolute numbers. The chapter looks at what role these migrants – and migrantophobia – play in Russian contemporary identity discourse through the lens of the 2013 Moscow mayoral elections. On the eve of these elections, Muscovites identified the large numbers of labour migrants in the capital as the most important campaign issue. This chapter explores how 'the migrant issue' was addressed at the candidate level as well as how it was perceived by ordinary Muscovites. First, it traces what images of 'the migrant' the candidates presented; how they assessed the potential for integration into Russian society; and what measures they proposed for regulating the flow of new migrants. Next, drawing on survey data, the chapter discusses to what extent campaign promises reflected the positions of the electorate on the same issues. It concludes that the Moscow electoral experiment of allowing semi-competitive elections contributed to pushing the borders of what mainstream politicians in Russia perceived as acceptable positions on migrants and migration policy, for at least two reasons: Firstly, incumbent mayor Sobianin faced stiff competition from the rising star of the non-systemic opposition, liberal-nationalist Aleksei Navalnyi, and had to find a way of outbidding him on the migrant issue. Second, in this more competitive environment, Sobianin could not rely on administrative resources alone, but had to respond to popular demands, to ensure an acceptable win: therefore, he had to appear as 'tough' on migrants. The experiment with semi-competitive elections in Moscow in 2013 thus demonstrated the limits of the Kremlin’s ability to fully control Russian nationalist discourse and also contributed to reinforcing the idea of 'the migrant' as the new 'Other' in Russian identity discourse.

• Kolstø, Pål & Blakkisrud, Helge (2018). Introduction: Exploring Russian nationalisms, In Pål Kolstø & Helge Blakkisrud (ed.),  Russia before and after Crimea: Nationalism and Identity, 2010-17.  Edinburgh University Press.  ISBN 9781474433853.  Introduction.  s 1 - 20 Vis sammendrag

  In the introductory chapter, the two editors, Pål Kolstø and Helge Blakkisrud, argue that in Putin's third period as president, nationalism has become even more important for understanding Russian politics and society than before. Prior to the annexation of Crimea, the influx of low-skilled labour from Central Asia and the Caucasus had been creating strong migrantophobic sentiments in sectors of the Russian population, boosting support for ethno-nationalism. The dramatic events in Ukraine in 2014 onwards, however, radically changed the political scene in Russia. Nationalist movements in opposition to the Kremlin went into steep decline, while the nation rallied around its leader, President Putin, who for the first time explicitly used nationalist themes in his propaganda. At first glance, this development may appear radically new. However, our introductory chapter, drawing on insights from several of the chapters in the volume, shows how this pattern has precedents in Russian history: Russian state authorities have generally tended to use other methods of legitimation than nationalism, leaving the nationalist field to various societal forces. However, in times of crisis – as during the Great Patriotic War– a state-focused, imperialistic nationalism is fully exploited as a mobilising device, and any autonomous, popular expressions of nationalism are suppressed. Seemingly an oxymoron, 'imperialist nationalism' has in fact been a strong current throughout Russian history, competing with cultural and ethnic nationalism. Further, this introductory chapter presents an outline of other chapters, pointing out how the themes discussed – the Kremlin's post-2012 quest for legitimacy, migrantophobia, the rise and fall of right-wing ethno-nationalism, and Russian reactions to the Crimean annexation – all emerge as interrelated when interpreted in this framework.

• Blakkisrud, Helge & Kolstø, Pål (2017). Regime Development and Patron–Client Relations: The 2016 Transnistrian Presidential Elections and the "Russia Factor". The Journal of Post-Soviet Democratization.  ISSN 1074-6846.  25(4), s 503- 528 Vis sammendrag

  In December 2016, Transnistria held presidential elections in which, after an exceptionally loud and dirty campaign, the incumbent yielded power to his main opponent. This article explores regime evolution in the breakaway republic through the prism of these elections. First, drawing on the literature on hybrid regimes, we ask what the recent campaign can tell us about regime evolution in Transnistria. Second, arguing that, in the case of Eurasian de facto states, this literature must be complemented by a discussion of the role of the patron state, we then turn to the importance of the "Russia factor." We conclude by arguing that, due to Transnistria's dependency on its Moscow patron, this factor always looms large – but not necessarily in the ways that might be expected.

• Blakkisrud, Helge & Kolstø, Pål (2017). Stavropol as "Russia's Kosovo"? Nationalist mobilization and public response in a Russian region. Post-Soviet Affairs.  ISSN 1060-586X.  33(5), s 370- 388 . doi: 10.1080/1060586X.2017.1355716 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Kolstø, Pål (2017). St. Georgsløyfen i russisk nasjonsbygging. Arr. Idéhistorisk tidsskrift.  ISSN 0802-7005.  29(3/4), s 113- 123
• Kolstø, Pål (2016). “Crimea vs. Donbass: how Putin won Russian nationalist support—and lost it again”. Slavic Review: Interdisciplinary Quarterly of Russian, Eurasian, and East European Studies.  ISSN 0037-6779.  75(3), s 702- 725 Vis sammendrag

  The article analyzes how the nationalist segment of the Russian public has engaged in attempts to interpret and evaluate the Crimean annexation and the war in Donbass. The Crimean annexation was justified in the Kremlin by a novel use of nationalist rhetoric. Initially, this rhetoric paid off particularly well – boosting Putin’s popularity ratings and endearing him to virtually all Russian nationalists. He could present himself as the foremost defender both of ethnic Russians abroad and of Russia’s state interests, stealing the thunder from Russian ethnonationalists and the state-centered nationalists alike. However, in spite of the initial euphoria, the war in Eastern Ukraine has antagonized the nationalist segment of the Russian public which had been won over by the Kremlin only months earlier. Russian TV footage of burned houses in East Ukrainian towns and hamlets prompted questions about why Putin was not doing more to defend them.

• Kolstø, Pål (2016). Introduction: Russian nationalism is back - but precisely what does that mean?, In Pål Kolstø & Helge Blakkisrud (ed.),  The New Russian Nationalism. Imperialism, Ethnicity and Authoritarianism 2000-15.  Edinburgh University Press.  ISBN 9781474410427.  kapittel.  s 1 - 18
• Kolstø, Pål (2016). “Marriage of convenience? Collaboration between nationalists and liberals in the Russian opposition, 2011–2012”. Russian Review.  ISSN 0036-0341.  75(4), s 645- 663
• Kolstø, Pål (2016). ‘Symbol of the war—but which one? The St George ribbon in Russian nation-building’. Slavonic and East European Review.  ISSN 0037-6795.  94(4), s 661- 702 Vis sammendrag

  The article examines the short but eventful history of the St. George ribbon which since 2005 has been used in Russia as a symbol of the Soviet victory in the Great Fatherland War. The ribbon ‘action’ has become a major societal and political event, involving millions of participants in various activities in the weeks leading up to Victory Day, 9 May. Since the main purpose of state-sponsored national symbols is to provide nodal points around which the people can develop a common political identity, and the St. George ribbon campaign must therefore be regarded as a great success. However, the Putin regime has increasingly politicized this symbol which today is also to a high degree a badge of allegiance to the Kremlin and its policies. Particularly after the outbreak of war in Eastern Ukraine the St. George ribbon has become highly controversial in most of the former Soviet republics.

• Kolstø, Pål (2016). The ethnification of Russian nationalism, In Pål Kolstø & Helge Blakkisrud (ed.),  The New Russian Nationalism. Imperialism, Ethnicity and Authoritarianism 2000-15.  Edinburgh University Press.  ISBN 9781474410427.  kapittel.  s 18 - 46
• Kolstø, Pål (2016). The significance of the Russian imperial tradition today, In Christian Gottlieb (ed.),  Russia and the Nordic countries.  Fondet for norsk dansk samarbeid.  kapittel.  s 24 - 33
• Kolstø, Pål (2016). “Western Balkans” as the new Balkans: regional names as tools for stigmatization and exclusion.. Europe-Asia Studies.  ISSN 0966-8136.  68(7), s 1245- 1263 . doi: 10.1080/09668136.2016.1219979 Vis sammendrag

  The word ‘Balkans’ often functions as a stigma. Several authors have discussed the bloodbath during the wars in the former Yugoslavia with references to an alleged Balkan culture. Towards the end of the 1990s the term ‘Balkans’ entered the official vocabulary of the European Union, now with the prefix ‘Western’. ‘The Western Balkans’ became a common denominator for non-member states in South Eastern Europe. A survey in 2011 in the ‘Western Balkans’ showed that those who live there, to a large extent share this view: membership in Western organizations like the EU determine whether a country is ‘European’ or ‘Balkan’.

• Kolstø, Pål & Jelovica, Vatroslav (2016). Strategije simbolične izgradnje nacije u državama Jugoistocne Europe: ciljevi i rezultati, I: Vjeran Pavlakovic & Goran Korov (red.),  Strategije simbolične izgradnje nacije u državama.  Srednja Europa.  ISBN 978-953-7963-55-2.  kapittel 1.  s 1 - 26
• Kolstø, Pål (2015). John Armstrong: typologies and grand narratives. Nations and Nationalism.  ISSN 1354-5078.  21(1), s 177- 181 . doi: 10.1111/nana.12108
• Pegg, Scott & Kolstø, Pål (2015). Somaliland: Dynamics of internal legitimacy and (lack of) external sovereignty. Geoforum.  ISSN 0016-7185.  66, s 193- 202 . doi: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2014.09.001 Vis sammendrag

  Despite its strong legal and historical claims to sovereignty, the Republic of Somaliland remains entirely unrecognized by the international community more than 20 years after it proclaimed independence from Somalia in 1991. Paradoxically, Somaliland’s lack of external legitimacy has, in some ways, facilitated the growth and development of its internal legitimacy. In contrast, Somalia enjoys widespread external recognition from the international community but has very little domestic legitimacy and largely fails to govern effectively the territory it claims. Somaliland’s high degree of domestic legitimacy and its strong desire for external recognition increasingly come into conflict with one another both in the eastern parts of Somaliland and in the continued democratic development of its hybrid domestic political institutions. The safest prediction for Somaliland is continued de facto statehood where its strong internal legitimacy enables it to survive in a hostile external environment but fails to translate into widespread sovereign recognition of its significant domestic accomplishments. Ultimately, though, Somaliland’s ability to deliver the ‘‘goods’’ on economic development and poverty reduction for its citizens will be significantly hampered without external recognition of its domestic achievements.

• Kolstø, Pål (2014). ' "Balkan", "Europa", og EU: Sørøst-Europas symbolske geografi i endring.'. Nytt Norsk Tidsskrift.  ISSN 0800-336X.  31(1), s 5- 16
• Kolstø, Pål (2014). Competing with entrepreneurial diasporians: origins of anti-Semitism in nineteenth-century Russia. Nationalities Papers.  ISSN 0090-5992.  42(4), s 691- 707 . doi: 10.1080/00905992.2013.879290
• Kolstø, Pål (2014). Identifying with the old or the new state: Nation-building vs. Yugonostalgia in the Yugoslav successor states. Nations and Nationalism.  ISSN 1354-5078.  20(4), s 760- 781 . doi: 10.1111/nana.12071 Vis sammendrag

  The article examines to what degree political nostalgia complicates national consolidation in new states. A survey in six Yugoslav successor states in 2011 showed that while yugonostalgics in some countries were less loyal than others towards the new state this was not the case in Serbia, probably because its citizens tend to see their country as a continuation of former Yugoslavia. In Croatia, the number of respondents who felt as a Yugoslav has gone down since independent far more than in any other state; probably a result of a massive public campaign to discredit continued identification with the former state.

• Kolstø, Pål (2014). Il nation-building in Russia: una strategia orientata sui valori. Nazioni e Regioni. Studi e ricerche sulla comunità.  ISSN 2282-5681.  3(3), s 43- 69
• Kolstø, Pål (2014). Introduction, In Pål Kolstø (ed.),  Strategies of Symbolic Nation-building in South Eastern Europe.  Ashgate.  ISBN 9781472419163.  Kapittel 1.  s 1 - 19
• Kolstø, Pål (2014). Orthodoxie, I: Martin George; Jens Herlth; Christian Münch & Ulrich Schmid (red.),  Tolstoj als theologischer Denker und Kirchenkritiker.  Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.  ISBN 978-3-525-56007-5.  kapittel.  s 528 - 540
• Kolstø, Pål (2014). Russia's nationalists Flirt with Democracy. Journal of Democracy.  ISSN 1045-5736.  25(3), s 120- 134 . doi: 10.1353/jod.2014.0050
• Kolstø, Pål (2014). Stalins etniske terror, I: Bernt Hagtvet; Nikolai Brandal & Dag Einar Thorsen (red.),  Folkemordenes svarte bok, 2. utgave.  Universitetsforlaget.  ISBN 9788215020884.  Kapittel 17.  s 261 - 278
• Kolstø, Pål & Jelovica, Vatroslav (2014). Conclusions: Success and Failure of Nation-building. Structural vs. Political Factors, In Pål Kolstø (ed.),  Strategies of Symbolic Nation-building in South Eastern Europe.  Ashgate.  ISBN 9781472419163.  kapittel 9.  s 227 - 242
• Kolstø, Pål & Paukovic, Davor (2014). The Short and Brutish Life of Republika Srpska Krajina: Failure of a De Facto State. Ethnopolitics.  ISSN 1744-9057.  13(4), s 309- 327 . doi: 10.1080/17449057.2013.864805
• Kolstø, Pål (2013). Faulted for the wrong reasons: Soviet institutionalisation of ethnic diversity and Western (mis)interpretations, In Karl Cordell; Timofey Agarin & Alexander Osipov (ed.),  Institutional Legacies of Communism: Change and Continuities in minority protection.  Routledge.  ISBN 9780415638739.  kapittel 3.  s 31 - 44
• Kolstø, Pål (2013). Hyrje (oversatt fra Introduction), I: Vjollca Krasniqi (red.),  Kombformimi simbolik në evropën juglindore.  N.G.L. grafika.  ISBN 978-9951-400-01-5.  Kapittel 1.  s 14-44
• Kolstø, Pål & Schmid, Ulrich (2013). Fame, Sainthood and Iurodstvo: Patterns of Self-Presentation in Tolstoi's Life Practice. Slavic and East European Journal.  ISSN 0037-6752.  4(57)
• Blakkisrud, Helge & Kolstø, Pål (2012). Die Gesellschaft der PMR, I: Klaus Bochmann; Vasile Dumbrava; Dietmar Muller & Victoria Reinhardt (red.),  Die Republik Moldau: Ein Handbuch.  Leipziger Universitätsverlag.  ISBN 9783865835574.  Kapittel.  s 571 - 582
• Blakkisrud, Helge & Kolstø, Pål (2012). Dynamics of de facto statehood: the South Caucasian de facto states between secession and sovereignty. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies.  ISSN 1468-3857.  12(2), s 281- 298 . doi: 10.1080/14683857.2012.686013 Vis sammendrag

  Scattered across the globe there exist a handful of unrecognized statelets. Although some such entities have proven short-lived, others have demonstrated remarkable tenacity. The South Caucasian de facto states – Abkhazia, South Ossetia and Nagorno-Karabakh – have existed for almost 20 years now. This article offers a comparative analysis of how these statelets have attempted to consolidate statehood though processes of state- and nation-building. Despite many outward similarities, both ambitions and outcomes have varied greatly. Interestingly, whether the ultimate goal has been independent statehood or status is seen only as a springboard for unification with ethnic kin does not seem to be a decisive point.

• Blakkisrud, Helge & Kolstø, Pål (2012). Yielding to the sons of the soil: Abkhazian democracy and the marginalization of the Armenian vote. Ethnic and Racial Studies.  ISSN 0141-9870.  36(12), s 2075- 2095 . doi: 10.1080/01419870.2012.675079
• Kolstø, Pål (2012). Innledning, I:  Den russiske idé.  Solum.  ISBN 9788256017041.  Innledning.  s 9 - 20
• Kolstø, Pål & Blakkisrud, Helge (2012). De facto states and democracy: The case of Nagorno-Karabakh. Communist and post-communist studies.  ISSN 0967-067X.  45(1-2), s 141- 151 . doi: 10.1016/j.postcomstud.2012.03.004 Vis sammendrag

  De facto states are often dismissed as 'failing states'. However, in Freedom House rankings of political rights and civil liberties, they sometimes perform better than their parent states – as has been the case with Nagorno-Karabakh. This article examines the development of democracy in Nagorno-Karabakh against a checklist of factors assumed to be relevant: cultural homogeneity, size, existential threats, role of the diaspora, and the consequences of continued non-recognition. Drawing on fieldwork and interviews with central actors, the authors conclude that, contrary to what might be expected non-recognition has played a main role in the democratization process.

• Kolstø, Pål & Rusetskii, Aleksander (2012). Power Differentials and Identity Formation: Images of Self and Other on the Russian-Georgian Boundary. National Identities.  ISSN 1460-8944.  14(2), s 139- 155 Vis sammendrag

  This article looks at how Russia places herself in relation to one of her southern neighbours, Georgia, and vice versa. Russia and Georgia have recently been engaged in a short but full-fledged war, hence their interrelationship has been intensely debated in both countries. Both Russia and Georgia are, as it were, poised ‘between East and West’. As a starting point, therefore, we hypothesized that Russians would present themselves as a European nation while they would orientalise the Georgians. Conversely, the Georgians would define themselves into and the Russians out of Europe. We found, however, that identity construction on the Russian-Georgian border is not symmetrical. While the Georgian discourse basically confirmed our assumption, in Russia the dominant discourse is that Russia and Georgia are closely related, fraternal peoples. This shows the importance of power relations in the study of reciprocal identity formations. While hegemonic discourses often are discourses of exclusion our study shows that a discourse of inclusion—in our case a rhetoric of ‘brotherhood’—often may be a more effective technique of domination. The prevailing discourse in the weaker group, on the other hand, will focus more on cultural distance towards the more powerful Other.

• Tønnessen, Helene & Kolstø, Pål (2012). Journalistic identities and war reporting : coverage of the 2008 Russian-Georgian war in the Russian press. Scando-Slavica.  ISSN 0080-6765.  58(1), s 101- 121 . doi: 10.1080/00806765.2012.669917 Vis sammendrag

  The article analyzes the coverage of the Russian-Georgian war in August 2008 in three leading Russian newspapers, the official Rossijskaja gazeta, the tabloid Komsomol´skaja pravda, and the oppositional Novaja gazeta. A total of 247 articles on the war written in the three papers between 8 and 14 August 2008 were examined; in addition, seven journalists who had worked as war reporters in the war zone were interviewed. To the war reporters in all three newspapers their professional identity as journalists was clearly important. They were proud of the work they did, and reflected on their role as mediators of information to the public. They defined the task of the journalist in basically the same way: it meant giving a balanced and objective account of what actually happened. Even so, they covered the war in very different ways. To a large extent, the journalistic culture and political sympathies of the various papers determined what the correspondents “saw” on the ground.

• Blakkisrud, Helge & Kolstø, Pål (2011). From Secessionist Conflict Toward a Functioning State: Processes of State- and Nation-Building in Transnistria. Post-Soviet Affairs.  ISSN 1060-586X.  27(2), s 178- 210 . doi: 10.2747/1060-586X.27.2.178 Vis sammendrag

  How have the Transnistrian authorities sought to consolidate de facto statehood in the absence of international recognition? Starting from the idea that the time factor will eventually transform secessionists into state-builders, this article traces how the processes of state- and nation-building promoted by the Transnistrian de facto authorities have evolved since the early 1990s. Drawing on official sources, interviews, journalism, and the political science literature, the domestic dimensions of state- and nation-building in de facto state conflicts are examined. These include fulfillment of basic requirements of state-building, development of economic viability, and nationbuilding processes that attempt to create a unifying identity.

• Kolstø, Pål (2011). Beyond Russia becoming local, Trajectories of adaption to the fall of the Soviet Union among ethnic Russians in the former Soviet Republics. Journal of Eurasian Studies.  ISSN 1879-3665.  2(2), s 153- 163
• Kolstø, Pål (2011). THE CROATIAN CATHOLIC CHURCH AND THE LONG ROAD TO JASENOVAC. Nordic Journal of Religion and Society.  ISSN 0809-7291.  24(1), s 37- 56
• Kolstø, Pål (2011). "The Serbian-Croatian controversy over Jasenovac", In Sabrina Petra Ramet & Ola Listhaug (ed.),  Serbia and the Serbs in World War two.  Palgrave Macmillan.  ISBN 978-0-230-27830-1.  chapter 11.  s 225 - 246
• Kolstø, Pål & Blakkisrud, Helge (2011). 'Separatism is the mother of terrorism': internationalizing the security discourse on unrecognized states, In Nina Caspersen & Gareth Stansfield (ed.),  Unrecognized States in the International System.  Routledge.  ISBN 9780415582100.  chapter 7.  s 110 - 127
• Kolstø, Pål (2010). Bleiburg: The Creation of a National Martyrology. Europe-Asia Studies.  ISSN 0966-8136.  62(7), s 1153- 1174 . doi: 10.1080/09668136.2010.497024
• Kolstø, Pål (2010). "For here we do not have an enduring city": Tolstoy and the Strannik Tradition in Russian Culture. Russian Review.  ISSN 0036-0341.  69(1), s 119- 134 . doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9434.2010.00550.x 10.1111/j.1467-9434.2010.00557.x
• Kolstø, Pål (2009). Discourse and Violent conflict: Representations of 'self'-'other' in the Yugoslav successor states, In Pål Kolstø (ed.),  Media Discourse and the Yugoslav Conflicts: Representations of Self and Other.  Ashgate.  ISBN 9780754676294.  Introduction.  s 1 - 20
• Kolstø, Pål (2009). Discourse and violence, In Pål Kolstø (ed.),  Media Discourse and the Yugoslav Conflicts: Representations of Self and Other.  Ashgate.  ISBN 9780754676294.  Conclusion.  s 235 - 243
• Kolstø, Pål (2009). Sources of Russian Anti-Semitism in the Late Nineteenth Century: A Socio-Economic Explanation. Scando-Slavica.  ISSN 0080-6765.  55(1), s 43- 64
• Kolstø, Pål (2008). Diskurs i nasilni sukob: predstave o "sebi" i "drugom" u državama nastalim posle raspada Jugoslavije, I: Gordana Djeric (red.),  Intima Javnosti.  Edicija Reč.  ISBN 978-86-7718-071-3.  kapittel 1.  s 13 - 39
• Kolstø, Pål (2008). Nationalism, ethnic conflict, and job competition: non-Russian collective action in the USSR under perestroika. Nations and Nationalism.  ISSN 1354-5078.  14(1), s 151- 169
• Kolstø, Pål (2008). STALINS ETNISKE TERROR: RASISME ELLER RAISON D'ETAT?, I: Bernt Hagtvet (red.),  Folkemordenes svarte bok.  Universitetsforlaget.  ISBN 978821501308-4.  kapittel 9.  s 186 - 205
• Kolstø, Pål (2008). The elder at Iasnaia Poliana - Lev Tolstoi and the Orthodox starets tradition. Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History.  ISSN 1531-023X.  9(3), s 533- 554 . doi: http://www.duo.uio.no/publ/ILOS/2008/85374/starchestvoxkritika.pdf Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Kolstø, Pål (2008). Zaključak: diskurs i nasilie, I: Gordana Djeric (red.),  Intima Javnosti.  Edicija Reč.  ISBN 978-86-7718-071-3.  konklusjon.  s 370 - 382
• Kolstø, Pål & Blakkisrud, Helge (2008). Living with non-recognition: State- and Nation-building in South Caucasian Quasi-states. Europe-Asia Studies.  ISSN 0966-8136.  60(3), s 483- 509 . doi: 10.1080/09668130801948158 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Kolstø, Pål (2007). 'Holocaust i ukrainsk historisk bevissthet'. Doktorgradsopposisjon ved Johan Dietschs disputas. Historisk tidskrift (Sverige).  ISSN 0345-469X.  127(1), s 103- 111
• Kolstø, Pål (2007). The Narcissism of Minor Differences-Theory: Can it explain Ethnic Conflict?. Filozofija i društvo.  ISSN 0353-5738.  33(2), s 153- 172
• Kolstø, Pål (2007). The ‘narcissism of minor differences’-theory. Can it explain genocide and ethnic conflict ? A review article, In Klas-Göran Karlsson; Johan Dietsch; Barbara Törnquist-Plewa & Ulf Zander (ed.),  Historia mot strömmen: Kultur och konflikt i det moderna Europa.  Carlsson bokförlag.  ISBN 9789173310840.  kapittel.  s 238 - 257 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Kolstø, Pål (2006). The Sustainability and Future of Unrecognized Quasi-States. Journal of Peace Research.  ISSN 0022-3433.  43(6), s 723- 740 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Kolstø, Pål (2006). National symbols as signs of unity and division. Ethnic and Racial Studies.  ISSN 0141-9870.  29(4), s 676- 701 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Kolstø, Pål (2006). The Demonized Double: The Image of Lev Tolstoi in Russian Orthodox Polemics. Slavic Review: Interdisciplinary Quarterly of Russian, Eurasian, and East European Studies.  ISSN 0037-6779.  65(2), s 304- 324 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Kolstø, Pål (2006). The New Russian Identity and Russian Identity in Finland. Studia Slavica Finlandensia.  ISSN 0781-3333.  23, s 257- 276
• Kolstø, Pål & Tyldum, Guri (2006). Common Values and Social Cohesion in Ethnically Divided Societies. Etniškomo Studijos.  ISSN 1822-1041.  (1), s 121- 146
• Kolstø, Pål (2005). (review) Baiba Metuzale-Kangere (ed.), The Ethnic Dimension In Politics And Culture In The Baltic Countries 1920-1945. Södertörn Academic studies, 18, Södertörns Högskola 2004. Nordisk Østforum.  ISSN 0801-7220.  19(2), s 246- 249
• Kolstø, Pål (2005). Identitsgrenser og myter på Balkan. Nordisk Østforum.  ISSN 0801-7220.  19(4), s 421- 441

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• Kolstø, Pål & Blakkisrud, Helge (ed.) (2018). Russia before and after Crimea: Nationalism and Identity, 2010-17. Edinburgh University Press.  ISBN 9781474433853.  334 s.
• Kolstø, Pål & Blakkisrud, Helge (ed.) (2016). The New Russian Nationalism. Imperialism, Ethnicity and Authoritarianism 2000-15. Edinburgh University Press.  ISBN 9781474410427.  424 s.
• Kolstø, Pål & Risteski, Ljupco (red.) (2016). Strategii za simbolicka izgradba na natiajata vo Jugoistocna Evropa. Institut za etnologija i antropologija.  ISBN 9-786084762058.  312 s.
• Kolstø, Pål (ed.) (2014). Strategies of Symbolic Nation-building in South Eastern Europe. Ashgate.  ISBN 9781472419163.  272 s. Vis sammendrag

  After the conflagration of Tito’s Yugoslavia a medley of new and not-so-new states rose from the ashes. Some of the Yugoslav successor states have joined, or are about to enter, the European Union, while others are still struggling to define their national borders, symbols, and relationships with neighbouring states. Strategies of Symbolic Nation-building in South Eastern Europe expands upon the existing body of nationalism studies and explores how successful these nation-building strategies have been in the last two decades. Relying on new quantitative research results, the contributors offer interdisciplinary analyses of symbolic nation-building in Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, Macedonia, Montenegro, and Serbia to show that whereas the citizens of some states have reached a consensus about the nation-building project other states remain fragmented and uncertain of when the process will end. A must-read not only for scholars of the region but policy makers and others interested in understanding the complex interplay of history, symbolic politics, and post-conflict transition. Contents: Preface; Introduction, Pål Kolstø; Fulfilling the thousand-year-old dream: strategies of symbolic nation building in Croatia, Vjeran Pavlakovic; Jaws of the nation and weak embraces of the state: the lines of division, indifference and loyalty in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Ana Devic; Serbia and the symbolic (re)construction of the nation, Vladan Jovanovic; When two hands rock the cradle: symbolic dimensions of the divide over statehood and identity in Montenegro, Jelena Dzankic; Kosovo: topography of the construction of the nation, Vjollca Krasniqi; Strategies for creating the Macedonian state and nation and rival projects between 1991 and 2012, Ljupcho Risteski and Armanda Kodra Hysa; Status report Albania 100 years: symbolic nation-building completed?, Cecilie Endresen; Conclusions: success and failure of nation-building, structural vs, political factors, Pål Kolstø and Vatroslav Jelovica; Index.

• Berdjajev, Nikolaj & Kolstø, Pål (2012). Den russiske idé. Solum.  ISBN 9788256017041.  373 s.
• Kolstø, Pål (ed.) (2009). Media Discourse and the Yugoslav Conflicts: Representations of Self and Other. Ashgate.  ISBN 9780754676294.  270 s.
• Kolstø, Pål (2008). Russland bak nyhetsbildet: Folket, historien, politikken, kulturen. Aschehoug & Co.  ISBN 9788203235795.  258 s.

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• Kolstø, Pål (2019). Chernobyl - hva skjedde egentlig? Et seminar om tv-serien Chernobyl.. Vis sammendrag

  Oslo Peace Days har samlet tre eksperter for å prate om Sovjetunionen, autoritære regimer og Chernobyl-serien. Hva skjedde egentlig? Kunne noe liknende ha skjedd i dag? Marianne Dahl, PRIO Håvard Mokleiv Nygård, PRIO Pål Kolstø, Professor Russland, Sentral-Europa og Balkan, ILOS, Universitetet i Oslo Denne samtalen ledes av journalisten Asbjørn Slettemark, som til daglig er serieanmelder i Aftenposten

• Kolstø, Pål (2018). Discussing David Laitin’s book “identity information”.
• Kolstø, Pål (2018, 19. oktober). Dramatisk splitting. intervju om bruddet mellom Den russisk-ortodokse kirke og patriarken i Konstantinopel.  Dag og Tid.
• Kolstø, Pål (2018). "Is imperialist nationalism an oxymoron?".
• Kolstø, Pål (2018). "Iver Neumann, NUPI og utenriksdebatten".
• Kolstø, Pål (2018, 13. juni). Ortodoksien i Russland. [TV].  NRK.
• Kolstø, Pål (2018). Putinisme og russisk ortodoksi.
• Kolstø, Pål (2018). Revolution and War in Contemporary Ukraine: The Challenge of Change. Ed. Olga Bertelsen. Soviet and Post-Soviet Politics and Societies, no. 161. Ibidem: Stuttgart, 2017. 430 pp. $50.00, paper.. Slavic Review: Interdisciplinary Quarterly of Russian, Eurasian, and East European Studies.  ISSN 0037-6779.  77(1) . doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/slr.2018.41
• Kolstø, Pål (2018). Russian nationalism and the annexation of Crimea.
• Kolstø, Pål (2018). “Russians in Norway and their views on Putin, Russia and the world”.
• Kolstø, Pål (2018, 02. november). Russkii vopros, intervju med russiskspråklig latvisk TV. [TV].  LTV.LV.
• Kolstø, Pål (2018). "Six new years with Putin – what now?" Introduction and discussion.
• Kolstø, Pål (2018). The St. George ribbon in Russian nationbuilding.
• Kolstø, Pål (2018). The annexation of Crimea and Russian nationalism.
• Kolstø, Pål (2018). The role of the St George ribbon in Russian nationbuilding.
• Kolstø, Pål (2018, 13. mars). "intervju om diplomatisk krise Russland/Storbritannia. [Radio].  Studio 2, P2.
• Kolstø, Pål (2017). 100år siden 1917 -- Revolusjon og demokrati..
• Kolstø, Pål (2017). Den russiske revolusjon 100 år.
• Kolstø, Pål (2017). Mischa Gabowitsch, Protest in Putin’s Russia, Cambridge: Polity Press, 2017. (anmeldelse). Slavonic and East European Review.  ISSN 0037-6795.  95(3), s 591- 594
• Kolstø, Pål (2017). Putin og putinismen.
• Kolstø, Pål (2017). foredrag om ny russisk nasjonalisme.
• Kolstø, Pål & Blakkisrud, Helge (2017). Book symposium. The new Russian nationalism: imperialism, ethnicity and authoritarianism 2000–2015. Nationalities Papers.  ISSN 0090-5992.  45(4), s 716- 719
• Kolstø, Pål (2016). Russlands rolle i Nagorno-Karabakh-konflikten.
• Kolstø, Pål (2016). Voter apathy versus patriotic mobilization in Russia.
• Kolstø, Pål (2016). Voved, I: Pål Kolstø & Ljupco Risteski (red.),  Strategii za simbolicka izgradba na natiajata vo Jugoistocna Evropa.  Institut za etnologija i antropologija.  ISBN 9-786084762058.  kapittel 1.  s 1 - 21
• Kolstø, Pål (2016). anmeldelse av Halvor Tjønn, «Russland blir til. Fra vikingene til Ivan den grusomme».. Nordisk Østforum.  ISSN 0801-7220.  30(1), s 55- 57 . doi: 10.17585/nof.v30.394
• Kolstø, Pål & Jelovica, Vatroslav (2016). zaklucoci: uspekh i neuspekh vo izgrabata na nacijata, strukturni nasproti politicki faktori, I: Pål Kolstø & Ljupco Risteski (red.),  Strategii za simbolicka izgradba na natiajata vo Jugoistocna Evropa.  Institut za etnologija i antropologija.  ISBN 9-786084762058.  Konklusjon.  s 259 - 277
• Kolstø, Pål (2015). Crimea vs. Donbass: how Putin won Russian nationalist support—and lost it again..
• Kolstø, Pål (2015). "Hva vil Putin?". Aftenposten (morgenutg. : trykt utg.).  ISSN 0804-3116.
• Kolstø, Pål (2015). Putins symbolske genistrek. Klassekampen.  ISSN 0805-3839.  s 38- 39
• Kolstø, Pål (2015). 'Russisk nasjonalisme etter annekteringen av Krim'.
• Kolstø, Pål (2015). Symbol of the war – but of which one? The St. George ribbon in Russian nation building.
• Kolstø, Pål (2015). Этнификация национализма в России. [html ].
• Kolstø, Pål (2015). Этнификация национализма в России (etnifisering av nasjonalisme i Russland). [html ].
• Kolstø, Pål (2014). (anmeldelse) Koinova, Maria. Ethnonationalist Conflict in Postcommunist States: Varieties of Governance in Bulgaria, Macedonia and Kosovo. National and Ethnic Conflict in the Twenty-First Century. University of Pennsylvania. Slavonic and East European Review.  ISSN 0037-6795.  92(4), s 791- 792
• Kolstø, Pål (2014). Contemporary Russian 'national democrats', what kind of nation, what kind of democracy?'.
• Kolstø, Pål (2014, 22. mars). En helt ny Putin som står frem. [Internett].  NRK Nyheter, nett.
• Kolstø, Pål (2014). Etnisitet, demokrati og fremmedfrykt i den nye russiske nasjonalismen. Aftenposten Innsikt.  ISSN 1890-6931.  7(2), s 40- 41
• Kolstø, Pål (2014). Etnonasjonalismens grenser. Klassekampen.  ISSN 0805-3839.  s 14- 15
• Kolstø, Pål (2014). "Grunnlov og demokrati i Russland. Fra Stalin til Putin.".
• Kolstø, Pål (2014, 07. mai). Hatretorikk skaper frykt (om krisen i Ukraina).  Klassekampen.
• Kolstø, Pål (2014, 19. juli). Kan ha snudd maktforholdene i Ukraina på hodet. (Om nedskytingen av MH17 i Øst-Ukraina).  Aftenposten.
• Kolstø, Pål (2014, 22. mars). Om Putin og Krim-krisen. [Radio].  NRK P2 Verden på lørdag.
• Kolstø, Pål (2014, 10. februar). Om etniske forhold i Russland/Russisk identitet. [Radio].  NRK P2 Ekko.
• Kolstø, Pål (2014, 18. mars). Om innlemming av Krim i Russland. [Radio].  NRK Dagsnytt kl 1600.
• Kolstø, Pål (2014, 11. mars). Om krim-krisen. [Radio].  NRK Dagsnytt kl 1600.
• Kolstø, Pål (2014, 17. mars). Om krimtatarene. [Radio].  NRK Dagsnytt kl 1530.
• Kolstø, Pål (2014). Strategies of symbolic nation-building. main findings.
• Kolstø, Pål (2014). Symbolic Nation-building in South Eastern Europe.
• Kolstø, Pål (2014, 11. mars). Ukraina: forholdet til Russland: Overrasket over Putin. feature-intervju.  Stavanger Aftenblad.
• Kolstø, Pål (2014). den politiske utviklingen på Krimhalvøya og forholdet mellom Ukraina og Russland.
• Kolstø, Pål (2014, 16. april). hva skjer i Øst-Ukraina. [Radio].  NRK 1 Dagsnytt 0830.
• Kolstø, Pål (2014, 21. februar). innslag om uro og vold i Ukraina. [Radio].  Nyhetsmorgen.
• Kolstø, Pål (2014, 02. mai). intervju om situasjonen i Øst-Ukraina. [Radio].  NRK 1 Dagsnytt 0830.
• Kolstø, Pål (2014, 26. februar). om Ukraina etter Euromaidan. [TV].  TV2 Nyhetskanalen.
• Kolstø, Pål (2014, 13. mars). om Vladimir Putin. [Radio].  programmet "Ekko", NRK, P2.
• Kolstø, Pål (2014, 07. mai). propagandakrig om Ukraina. [Radio].  Verdens rikeste land, P3.
• Kolstø, Pål (2014, 04. april). Пол Кольсте: Между Косовом и Крымом есть существенная разница. [Internett].  Pravda.ru.
• Kolstø, Pål (2013). Anmeldelse av Nina Caspersen, Unrecognized states: The struggle for sovereignty in the modern International system. Cambridge, Polity press, 2012. Nationalities Papers.  ISSN 0090-5992.  41(4), s 677- 678
• Kolstø, Pål (2013). Anmeldelse. National Symbols in Multinational States: The Yugoslav CaseSvein Mønnesland. Oslo: Sypress Forlag 2013379 sider. ISBN 9788291224541. Nordisk Østforum.  ISSN 0801-7220.  27(4), s 413- 416
• Kolstø, Pål (2013). Den russisk-ortodokse kirke, dens rolle i russisk historie og i russisk samfunn i dag.
• Kolstø, Pål (2013). Etnisk mangfold på spill. Klassekampen.  ISSN 0805-3839.  s 21- 21
• Kolstø, Pål (2013). «Europa», «Balkan», og andre merkelapper: Sørøst-Europas symbolske geografi i endring.
• Kolstø, Pål (2013). Moscow -- city of xenophobia. Transitions online (TOL). . doi: http://www.tol.org/client/
• Kolstø, Pål (2013). Moskva -- fremmedfryktens by. Aftenposten Innsikt.  ISSN 1890-6931.  11, s 26- 27
• Kolstø, Pål (2013). Moskva -- fremmedfryktens by. Aftenposten (morgenutg. : trykt utg.).  ISSN 0804-3116.  154
• Kolstø, Pål (2013). anmeldelse av Jussi Lassila, The Quest for an ideal Youth in Putin’s Russia II: The Search for Distinctive Conformism in the Political Communication of Nashi, 2005-2009. Stuttgart: Ibidem forlag 2012. 226 sider. ISBN-13: 978-3-8382-0415-4. Nordisk Østforum.  ISSN 0801-7220.  27(3), s 293- 295
• Kolstø, Pål (2012). Den russisk-ortodokse kirke idag.
• Kolstø, Pål (2012). Hva er nytt i russisk politikk?.
• Kolstø, Pål (2012). “Identifying with the old or the new state: nation-building vs. yugonostalgia in the Yugoslav successor states”.
• Kolstø, Pål (2012, 20. oktober). Innlegg om blasfemi i Russland. [Radio].  NRK, P2, Verdibørsen.
• Kolstø, Pål (2012). Russisk filosofi – finnes den? om Nikolaj Berdjajevs bok Den russiske ide.
• Kolstø, Pål (2012). Studying the countries of Eurasia/Russia in Norway: intrinsic and applied value.
• Kolstø, Pål (2012). What is new in Russian politics after the 2011/2012 elections?.
• Kolstø, Pål (2012). discussant til Vebjørn Horsfjords foredrag om den russisk-ortodokse kirke og menneskerettighetene.
• Kolstø, Pål (2011). (review of Michelle Commercio) Russian Minority Politics in Post-Soviet Latvia and Kyrgyzstan: The Transformative Power of Informal Networks. Slavic Review: Interdisciplinary Quarterly of Russian, Eurasian, and East European Studies.  ISSN 0037-6779.  70(2), s 490- 491
• Kolstø, Pål (2011). Democracy in de facto states: the case of Nagorno-Karabakh.
• Kolstø, Pål (2011). Foreword, In  The New Third Rome. Readings of a Russian Nationalist Myth.  University of Bergen.  Forord.  s xiii - xvii
• Kolstø, Pål (2011). Images of Self and Other on the Russian-Georgian Boundary.
• Kolstø, Pål (2011). Jødenes stiling i Russland rundt forrige århundreskifte.
• Kolstø, Pål (2011). Key Note Speech: Theoretical aspects on the rise and fall of de facto states.
• Kolstø, Pål (2011). Russian Minority Politics in Post-Soviet Latvia and Kyrgyzstan: The Transformative Power of Informal Networks. Slavic Review: Interdisciplinary Quarterly of Russian, Eurasian, and East European Studies.  ISSN 0037-6779.  70(2), s 490- 491
• Kolstø, Pål (2011). 'Russian ultra-nationalism and the new ‘others’', introduction to a seminar.
• Kolstø, Pål (2011). 'Trajectories of adaption to the fall of the Soviet Union among ethnic Russians in the former Soviet republics'.
• Kolstø, Pål (2011). Why are there so many secessionist conflicts in the Caucaus?.
• Wigen, Einar; Kolstø, Pål; Flikke, Geir & Blakkisrud, Helge (2011). The Shifting Geopolitics of the Black Sea Region: Actors, Drivers, Challenges. NUPI-rapport. 15.03.11. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Kolstø, Pål (2010). Beyond Russia, becoming local: trajectories of adaption to the fall of the Soviet Union among ethnic Russians in the former Soviet republics. Vis sammendrag

  Immediately after the break-up of the Soviet Union it was feared that the large groups of ethnic Russians in the former Soviet republics outside Russia would serve as catalysts for violent conflict in and among the new states. With one exception – the civil war in Moldova -- this did not come to pass. While there are clearly a number of reasons for this felicitous outcome, a lack of mobilization among the Russians diasporians themselves is clearly one of them. This passivity can in part by explained by the identity pattern typically found among them: already a long time before perestroika they had developed ‘an identity of their own’ which set them apart from Russians elsewhere. The paper makes use of Albert Hirschman’s celebrated typology ‘Exit, Voice and Loyalty’ to examine the trajectories of adaptation after the fall of the Soviet Union among ethnic Russians in the former Soviet republics. It concludes that Voice had been the least common response, and Exit, while initially strong in many places, has gradually tapered off. Moreover, as outmigration siphoned off those least willing to readjust, the groups that stayed behind are integrating, and even assimilating, to an increasing degree.

• Kolstø, Pål (2010). Hvor går Ukraina og Hviterussland?.
• Kolstø, Pål (2010). 'Josef Stalin i dagens Russland', rundebordsamtale.
• Kolstø, Pål (2010). Sentrale milepæler i russisk historie.
• Kolstø, Pål (2010). The Serbian-Croatian controversy over Jasenovac.
• Kolstø, Pål (2010). ‘The phenomenon and legacy of the obnovlenchestvo (Renewal movement) in Russian church experience’.
• Kolstø, Pål (2010). anmeldelse, Elisabeth L’orange Fürst: Hva skal vi med frihet? Fortellinger fra Moldova før,under og etter Sovjetunionen. Oslo: Abstrakt forlag 2009. 235 sider. Sosiologisk Årbok.  ISSN 0808-288X.  (1), s 176- 179
• Kolstø, Pål (2010). anmeldelse, Per-Arne Bodin, Language, canonization and holy foolishness : studies in Postsoviet Russian culture and the orthodox tradition, 2009: Stockholm: Acta Universitatis Stockholmiensis. Nordisk Østforum.  ISSN 0801-7220.  24(4), s 419- 421
• Kolstø, Pål (2010, 14. juni). innslag på 'Her og nå' NRK, om konflikten i Sør-Kirgisistan. [Radio].  NRK.
• Kolstø, Pål (2010, 07. juni). intervju om forskningsprosjektet Spinning out of Control. [Radio].  Kulturnytt, NRK2.
• Kolstø, Pål (2010, 26. april). om Dmitrij Medvedjev. [TV].  NRK Dagsnytt 18.
• Kolstø, Pål (2010, 07. april). voldelige demonstrasjoner in Kirgisistan. [TV].  NRK Dagsnytt 18.
• Kolstø, Pål (2010, 08. april). voldelige demonstrasjoner in Kirgisistan. [Radio].  Radioselskapet.
• Kolstø, Pål & Blakkisrud, Helge (2010). De facto states and democracy: the case of Nagorno-Karabakh.
• Kolstø, Pål (2009). (review) Gwendolyn Sasse, The Crimea Question: Identity, Transition and Conflict.Cambridge, MA: Harvard University press. 2007. XI + 400 pages. Nations and Nationalism.  ISSN 1354-5078.  152, s 365- 367
• Kolstø, Pål (2009). ‘1989 and the political usages of historical myths’.
• Kolstø, Pål (2009). Den russisk-ortodokse kirken og hva den betyr for russerne.
• Kolstø, Pål (2009). Dmitrij Medvedjev-- lille-Putin, eller president med egen agenda?.
• Kolstø, Pål (2009). Europe's Last Frontier? Belarus, Moldova, and Ukraine between Russia and the European Union. Russian Review.  ISSN 0036-0341.  68(1), s 172- 172
• Kolstø, Pål (2009). Hvorfor er Russland så fascinerende?.
• Kolstø, Pål (2009). Karsten J.Møller: Fra kaos til Putin. Brudstykker af det moderne Ruslands historie (anmeldelse). Nordisk Østforum.  ISSN 0801-7220.  1, s 73- 75
• Kolstø, Pål (2009). Norge-Russland: godt naboskap med vekslende kontakt, I: Anne Marie Gjølme (red.),  Frå vikingtokt til oljefat: Handel og kulturkontakt mellom Rogaland og Russland gjennom 1000 år.  Hå gamle prestegard.  ISBN 82-90813-31-7.  kapittel 2.  s 18 - 27
• Kolstø, Pål (2009). The Crimea Question: Identity, Transition and Conflict. Nations and Nationalism.  ISSN 1354-5078.  15(2), s 365- 367
• Kolstø, Pål (2009). Våkner bjørnen? Går Russland i en mer ekspansiv retning?.
• Kolstø, Pål (2009). anmeldelse av Per Anders Todal, Fanden på flat mark: Historier frå Kviterussland. Samlaget 2009. Dag og Tid.  ISSN 0803-334X.
• Kolstø, Pål (2009, 11. september). innslag om Russland og Dmitrij Medvedjevs siste tale. [TV].  Dagsnytt 18.
• Kolstø, Pål (2009). 'nasjonal vs. etnisk selvråderett'.
• Kolstø, Pål (2008, 14. august). Deltakelse i Dagsnytt 18 om krigen i Georgia. [TV].  NRK.
• Kolstø, Pål (2008). Hva er et studieprogram og hvordan definere læringsutbytte?.
• Kolstø, Pål (2008). Konflikten i Georgia.
• Kolstø, Pål (2008, 28. august). Om situasjonen i Ukraina. [Radio].  NRK Dagsnytt 18.
• Kolstø, Pål (2008). Russland i endring.
• Kolstø, Pål (2008). The sustainability and future of unrecognized states.
• Kolstø, Pål (2008, 08. mai). russisk feiring av 9. mai. [Radio].  Sånn er livet P2.
• Kolstø, Pål (2006). Nasjonalisme og økonomisk konkurranse i Russland. Rapport fra et 'work-in-progress'. Sällskapet för studier av Ryssland, Central- och Östeuropa samt Centralasien, Bulletin.  2(1-2), s 1- 4
• Kolstø, Pål (2006). Om Europa-ideen: 'Europa', 'Sentral-Europa' og andre politiskekonstruksjoner.
• Kolstø, Pål (2006). Developments in Russian politics 6, edited by Stephen White, Richard Sakwa and Zvi Gitelman, review. Europe-Asia Studies.  ISSN 0966-8136.  58(1-2), s 128- 130
• Kolstø, Pål (2006). Zoltan Barany and Robert G. Moser, eds.: Ethnic politics after Communism. Cornell University press, review. Slavic Review: Interdisciplinary Quarterly of Russian, Eurasian, and East European Studies.  ISSN 0037-6779.  65(4), s 796- 797
• Kolstø, Pål (2005). Immigrant communities. Issues of identity, status and stability: the case of the Russians in Estonia and Latvia.

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