PHOTOFAKE

• Grut, Ståle (2026). Convergent Epistemic Practices in Visual Fact-Checking. Digital Journalism. ISSN 2167-0811. doi: 10.1080/21670811.2026.2638939. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The increasing centrality of eyewitness images in news coverage has necessitated the development of advanced visual fact-checking practices, frequently devised by actors outside traditional journalism. This article presents a model of the transfer of such external knowledge practices into journalism, relying on a framework that combines concepts from sociologist Karin Knorr Cetina with economist Roger Koppl’s model of epistemic systems. Drawing on 13 in-depth interviews and participant observation of Faktisk Verifiserbar, a collaborative visual fact-checking unit established by Norwegian news organisations in response to Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine, the article demonstrates that adopting external epistemic practices facilitated the introduction of what is here termed “substantiated verification” in Norwegian journalism. Substantiated verification offers a nuanced assessment of visual material that transcends journalism’s prevalent true/false paradigm. While integrating external epistemic practices enhances journalistic rigour by leveraging outside knowledge, it also represents a potential challenge to journalism’s authority and autonomy. The article contributes to the understanding of visual media in the field of fact-checking, as well as to that of the relationship between journalism, the intelligence community, and hybrid investigative actors engaged in open-source intelligence.

• Grut, Ståle (2026). Future Imaginaries of Visual Open Source Investigative Journalism. Digital Journalism. ISSN 2167-0811. s. 19–19. doi: 10.1080/21670811.2026.2636905. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  At the intersection of journalism and open source intelligence, novel practices offer powerful ways to verify and reconstruct events using visual material, such as eyewitness images. To describe and analyse this emerging form of journalism, the concept “Visual Open Source Investigative Journalism” (VOSIJ) is introduced. While large international news outlets champion VOSIJ and increasing scholarly attention is devoted to it, we know less about the phenomenon outside international, English-language newsrooms. Drawing on in-depth interviews and participant observation, this article examines how thirteen Norwegian journalists who engage in VOSIJ perceive challenges to their line of work in the future. The theory of Causal Layered Analysis (CLA) is used to analyse their concerns about VOSIJ’s future. The article finds that the most significant challenge lies in the limited competence in VOSIJ among journalists, caused by institutional inertia as well as scarce opportunities and resources for training and maintenance. Based on the empirical data, future scenarios and metaphors for VOSIJ are conceptualised. They contribute to ongoing debates about epistemic shifts in journalism, the need for greater visual literacy, and whether VOSIJ should be integrated as a core journalistic function.

• Hausken, Liv (2024). Untangling Photographic Manipulation: Exploring a Dual Concept and Its Societal Implications. Journalism and Media. 5(4), s. 1881–1900. doi: 10.3390/journalmedia5040114. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  In recent years, the pervasive presence of visual disinformation in the media and visual culture, propelled by technological advancements, has become an escalating concern. This article asserts the urgent need to revise the current conceptual framework for addressing this challenge. A significant hurdle is the ambiguity surrounding the very concept of manipulation. Two distinct concepts of manipulation coexist—one with moral implications and the other without. This article examines this conceptual discrepancy across academic cultures, identifying them as anchored, respectively, in the social sciences and humanities and in the natural sciences and medicine. It then analyzes how these two concepts are used in white papers and other policy documents that guide responses to visual disinformation from 2018 to 2021. The article further investigates the complexities of these manipulation concepts within photography and visual expression. By elucidating and questioning them, the article aims to enhance the framework for addressing visual manipulation, foster interdisciplinary collaboration, and enrich theories of camera-based imaging across various fields. Overall, this article highlights deficiencies in the current framework and strives to improve it, thereby aiding in tackling visual disinformation and fostering effective collaboration among stakeholders.

• Sæther, Susanne Østby (2024). New visions, new ecologies: On materialities and atmospheres in contemporary photography. Philosophy of Photography. ISSN 2040-3682. 14, s. 181–200. doi: 10.1386/pop_00081_1. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hausken, Liv (2024). Photorealism versus photography. AI-generated depiction in the age of visual disinformation. Journal of Aesthetics and Culture. 16(1), s. 1–13. doi: 10.1080/20004214.2024.2340787. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  In the spring of 2023, we witnessed a breakthrough in the development of AI-generated images accessible to the general public. Pictures of Pope Francis wearing a stylishly long, white puffer jacket or driving a motorcycle down a busy street went viral. The same thing happened with AI-generated pictures fabulating over what the press coverage of an imminent arrest of former US President Donald Trump would look like. Amnesty International used AI to generate images to mark the second anniversary of police violence against protesters in Colombia. Boris Eldagsen turned down an award for Best Creative Photograph from the Sony World Photography Awards, announcing that it had been generated with AI. Critical reactions in the public were not long in coming. The use of AI to generate images was discussed with sometimes shrill words and phrases such as fake, fraud, a threat to photography’s credibility, and fake news. This article seeks to intervene in this crisis-oriented debate by proposing three analytical moves: First, we need a concept of photorealism that is kept separate from the idea of photography. Secondly, we need a conceptual distinction between two basic functions of photography: depiction and detection. In addition to this primary distinction between image functions, the article proposes a third move to introduce a function-oriented genre concept. Through an interdisciplinary approach to photorealism, photography, and genre, these three analytical measures are presented and examined step by step and discussed through analyzes of concrete and recent examples of AI-generated and AI-enhanced publicly available images in today’s society. Today’s crisis-oriented public debate about AI images serves neither democracy, art, journalism, nor photography. The purpose of the article is to contribute a simple and, at the same time, useful analytical tool in these discussions about the relationship between photography and current and future image technologies.

• Grut, Ståle Bjørlykke (2024). Source-Critical Affordances in Social Media Apps. International Journal of Communication. 18, s. 3960–3981. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Research has demonstrated how erroneous information thrives in digitized media environments, leading social media companies to introduce features for assessing media content’s trustworthiness. Using the walkthrough method, this article examines whether eight social media apps requested information on sources or relevant context when uploading media content. By introducing the concept of source-critical affordances, which connect source criticism with affordances, it investigates how social media apps shape users’ abilities to provide information about media content. Results show that no app request that uploaders provide information about images’ sources or origins; thus, uploaders are effectively treated as primary sources. This contrasts the platforms’ extensive sociotechnical infrastructure for retrospectively providing contextual information and sources for media content. Despite efforts to improve end users’ abilities to judge media content’s trustworthiness, a considerable gap in current measures is apparent, indicating the need for more comprehensive approaches to erroneous information that encompass the upload process.

• Hausken, Liv (2024). Navigating the Complex Terrain of Photography and Temporality. Philosophies. 9(3). doi: 10.3390/philosophies9030060. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  In recent years, discourses on photography have undergone a transformative shift from a focus on the individual photograph’s connection to memory, pastness, loss, and death towards exploring photographic imagery as shared, networked, and continuously circulating in a ubiquitous present. The general claim for the temporal dimension in this shift is that photography is no longer seen as a mere witness or reservoir of the past but instead points to or participates in an active present. Against this claim, the article argues for broadening the perspective, drawing on resources across C.P. Snow’s “two cultures”—the arts and humanities vs. the natural sciences—to develop a better conception of time and a more varied and useful selection of photographic practices. In this connection, the article provides a reading of Paul Ricoeur’s compound concept of “the third time”, cutting across the two cultures. Drawing on insights from Patrick Maynard and Kelley Wilder, basic premises for photographic practices in the natural sciences are brought into the discussions of the discursive shift from a preoccupation with photography and the past to an interest in photography and the present. The purpose of this paper is to develop a better ground for navigating intricate questions about the relationship between photography and time.

• Fetveit, Arild (2023). Uncanny (Inter)Mediality and Photo Futures. Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Film and Media Studies. ISSN 2065-5924. 24, s. 1–15. doi: 10.2478/ausfm-2023-0011. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bakke, Nils Arne & Barland, Jens (2022). Disruptive Innovations and Paradigm Shifts in Journalism as a Business: From Advertisers First to Readers First and Traditional Operational Models to the AI Factory. Sage Open. 12(2). doi: 10.1177/21582440221094819. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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• Grut, Ståle Bjørlykke (2026). Noe har skjedd med nyhetene. Hvor lenge kan vi tro våre egne øyne? [Internet]. Morgenbladet. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Nyhetsbildet fylles av mobilvideoer, «kriminaltekniske» undersøkelser og propaganda laget med kunstig intelligens. Den amerikanske medieviteren Sandra Ristovska mener journalistikken preges av en ny visuell vending.

• Hausken, Liv (2025). Ligner mobilbildene stadig mindre på det vi tar bilde av? Mange vet ikke at kunstig intelligens er integrert i mobilkameraene våre. [Journal]. Online avis, Morgenbladet. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Ligner mobilbildene stadig mindre på det vi tar bilde av? Smarttelefonene tar beslutninger de færreste av oss kjenner til eller har kontroll over.

• Hausken, Liv (2025). Rethinking Representations: The Politics of Responsible AI Imaging. doi: https:/digitalsociety.mmu.ac.uk/event/rethinking-representations-the-politics-of-responsible-ai-imaging-keynote-by-prof-liv-hausken/. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  In recent discussions surrounding AI imaging, the prevailing discourse often highlights the technology’s inherent risks. However, notable examples, such as the use of so-called deepfake technology in the documentary “Welcome to Chechnya” and the controversial yet well-intentioned AI-generated images from Amnesty International commemorating the victims of police brutality in Colombia, reveal the potential for socially responsible and ethical applications of this technology. This presentation explores the question: What is necessary to cultivate a socially responsible use of AI-generated imaging? This inquiry is complex and lacks straightforward answers. The presentation will outline responsible practices in AI imaging by examining both problematic and potentially beneficial applications. Among the challenges we face is the intricate relationship between photography and photorealistic AI imaging. Addressing problematic perceptions of photography will be essential for developing a more robust analytical framework regarding AI imaging. This presentation will highlight key strategies for enhancing societal competence in navigating this evolving landscape. The goal is to create a comprehensive framework for responsible AI imaging that benefits the academic community, practitioners, and developers in various fields. This framework will be particularly valuable for journalists and editors covering conflict and humanitarian issues and policymakers overseeing digital literacy and governance in increasingly digital economies. This paper aims to contribute to informed practices and strengthen ethical considerations in visual representation by promoting a critical understanding of responsible AI imaging.

• Hausken, Liv (2025). "Navigating the Intersection of Art and Science: AI and Interdisciplinary Approaches to Photographic Theory". Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hausken, Liv (2025). – KI-bilder er ikke falske fotografier - Forskningsnytt. [Internet]. Forskningsnytt. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Medieprofessor mener det er meningsløst å sette «sanne» fotografier opp mot «falske» KI-bilder, og etterlyser en mer nyansert debatt.

• Bakke, Nils Arne & Dahlback, Morten Langfeldt (2025). Trust in fact-based institutions and the challenges of fact-checking - and the case of climate. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Grut, Ståle Bjørlykke (2025). Presenting Visual Investigations: Narratives and aesthetics of OSINT in journalism. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Grut, Ståle Bjørlykke (2025). Vil ha forbud mot falske bilder på Facebook. [Internet]. TV 2. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  – Det er vanskelig å tallfeste omfanget av slikt KI-innhold nå, men det er liten tvil om at det er mer utbredt enn for et år siden, sier Ståle Grut, stipendiat i prosjektet Photofake.

• Hausken, Liv (2024). Unpredictable futures of photography. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Grut, Ståle Bjørlykke (2024). Future(s) of Visual Investigative Journalism after Photography's Epistemic Emergency. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Sæther, Susanne Østby (2024). En AI-rkivisk impuls? Samtidens fotokunst filtrert gjennom fortidens bilde. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Sæther, Susanne Østby (2024). An AI-rchival Impulse? Photographic Futures through the filter of past images. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Grut, Ståle Bjørlykke (2024). Kommunikasjon, media og AI - fotorealisme i 2024. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Grut, Ståle Bjørlykke (2024). OSINT-journalistikk: Ny forskning og nye funn. Foredrag hos Faktisk. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Fetveit, Arild (2024). Theorizing Camera-Based Evidence in the Age of the Stochastic Parrot. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Grut, Ståle Bjørlykke (2024). Ekko: Spørretime om Facebook (NRK P2). [Radio]. NRK P2. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Grut, Ståle Bjørlykke (2024). CAI og Project Origin kjemper mot KI-misbruk med innholdskreditering. [Internet]. NRK. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Stipendiat Ståle Grut på Institutt for medier og kommunikasjon ved Universitetet i Oslo, mener det er på høy tid at vi oppgir mer informasjon om hvor video, lyd og bilder kommer fra.

• Grut, Ståle Bjørlykke (2024). Visual investigations become a mainstay of news. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Grut, Ståle Bjørlykke (2024). Presentation: Convergent Epistemic Practices in Visual Fact-Checking. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Grut, Ståle Bjørlykke (2024). Visual Source Criticism. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The conference will conclude with discussions on digital source criticism as an approach, visual digital source criticism, and the presentation of the Digital Source Criticism handbook tailored for journalism bachelor students and enthusiasts in the media and communication field.

• Bakke, Nils Arne (2023). The Future Role of Information Technology and AI in Fact-Checking: A proposed Road-map. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Based on a previous business process analysis, identification of weaknesses and opportunities a proposed road-map was developed (88 pages text and diagrams)

• Grut, Ståle Bjørlykke (2023). Pressen trenger et oppgjør med dagens bruk av bilder. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  «Et nytt nivå av åpenhet rundt bilder kan være avgjørende for å lære opp både pressen selv, og ikke minst publikum, om bilder og bildets troverdighet», skriver Ståle Grut.

• Grut, Ståle Bjørlykke (2023). The press adopts a new level of transparency around images. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  “The press has often been light on contextual information and details about the images they use.”

• Bakke, Nils Arne & Dahlback, Morten Langfeldt (2023). Fact Checking and Fact-based journalism in the age of AI - Introduction. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bakke, Nils Arne & Dahlback, Morten Langfeldt (2023). Innsats mot desinformasjon skapt med kunstig intelligens. Kunnskapsmagasinet Kristiania. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bakke, Nils Arne & Dahlback, Morten Langfeldt (2023). Innsats mot desinformasjon. Aftenposten (morgenutg. : trykt utg.). ISSN 0804-3116. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bakke, Nils Arne (2023). Strategi og forretningsmodeller for faktasjekkere. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bakke, Nils Arne & Barland, Jens (2023). Paradigm shifts in Journalism as a Business. [TV]. INMA - International News Media Association. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Grut, Ståle Bjørlykke (2023). Kunstig intelligens: Så lett er det å gjøre Abid til Einar. [Internet]. NRK. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Kunstig intelligens gjør det nå svært enkelt å lage falske videoer.

• Grut, Ståle Bjørlykke (2023). Cyberkrigen i norske redaksjoner. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Digitale verktøy og AI er kraftige verktøy for de som vil manipulere samfunnet med falske nyheter og propaganda. Media blir slagmark for cyberkrig. Hvordan holder den journalistiske faktasjekken følge med det digitale rustningskappløpet innen tekst, bilder, video eller memes?

• Fetveit, Arild & Torstveit, Martin (2023). Mange blei lurt av KI-genererte bilete: – Det er kjempeskummelt! [Internet]. NRK.no. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hausken, Liv (2023). Manipulerte bilder og kunstig intelligens. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Krigen i Ukraina har igjen aktualisert spørsmålet om verifisering av fotografi, video og annet fotografisk generert materiale. Hvilke faktorer er det viktig å ta hensyn til når man skal vurdere fotografiske bilder? Hva slags bildekompetanse er det som trengs? I dette innlegget vil jeg se nærmere på noen av de utfordringene vi står overfor når det gjelder fotografisk manipulasjon og AI-genererte bilder.

• Fetveit, Arild (2023). Theorizing Camera-Based Evidence. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Fetveit, Arild & Eastman, Scott (2023). Epistemic Tensions and Vulnerabilities. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Grut, Ståle Bjørlykke (2023). 100 trender som vil prege 2023. [Journal]. Aftenposten, A-magasinet. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  – Det har skjedd noe med tilgjengeligheten på slike verktøy, og vi ser at løsningene deles med alle, slik at AI-ene skal bli bedre. Og bedre, og bedre, sier Ståle Grut, stipendiat ved institutt for medier og kommunikasjon ved UiO.

• Hausken, Liv (2023). Amnesty International's AI-Generated Images: A Critical Assessment. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hausken, Liv & Sørlie, Thale Elisabeth (2023). Paneldebatt i forbindelse med Lansering av temanummer om Fotografi i tidsskriftet Arr. Idéhistorisk tidsskrift. [Journal]. Paneldebatt fysisk på Chateau Neuf. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Liv Hausken og Hege Oulie fra Preus Museet deltok i paneldebatt om fotografisk manipulasjon og ai-genererte bilder på Chateau Neuf 11.mai i anledning lanseringen av temanummer om Fotografi i tidsskriftet ARR. Idehistorisk tidsskrift. Debatten ble ledet av Thale Sørlie, fotoarkivar ved Teknisk museum og redaksjonsmedlem i ARR

• Hausken, Liv & Lilleslåtten, Mari (2023). Vi oversvømmes av manipulerte bilder. Hva så? [Internet]. Podcast: Universitetspodden. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Vi oversvømmes av manipulerte bilder. Hva så? Før påske ble bilder av pave Frans i en dyr Balenciagajakke spredt på nett. Samtidig dukket det opp bilder av Trump som arresteres av amerikansk politi. Slike bilder, som er laget av kunstig intelligens, får mange til å rope varsko om en mediehverdag hvor det blir umulig å vite forskjellen på ekte og falske bilder. Men har det noen gang vært mulig å enkelt skille mellom sant og usant? Liv Hausken, medieforsker ved UiO og Kristoffer Egeberg fra faktisk.no diskuterer visuell desinformasjon, bildemanipulasjon før og nå, og hvem som har hvilket ansvar når fristelsen til å lyve med bilder blir stor.

• Hausken, Liv (2023). Photofake. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hausken, Liv & Stjern, Anna (2023). Medieforsker mener debatten om KI-bilder er litt hysterisk. [Internet]. Journalisten.no. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hausken, Liv & Lilleslåtten, Mari (2023). Medieforsker: – Ikke del bilder som er laget av kunstig intelligens. [Internet]. forskning.no. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Intervju om bilder generert vha kunstig intelligens

• Bakke, Nils Arne (2022). The business process model of fact-checking: A process analysis of FAKTISK.no. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Through document analysis, interviews and work-shops a detailed process model of operation of FAKTISK.no was built and documented in text and diagrams (111 pages)

• Hausken, Liv (2022). Manipulerte bilder. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Manipulerte bilder Krigen i Ukraina har igjen aktualisert spørsmålet om verifisering av fotografi, video og annet fotografisk generert materiale. Hvilke faktorer er det viktig å ta hensyn til når man skal vurdere fotografiske bilder? Hva slags bildekompetanse er det som trengs? I dette innlegget vil jeg se nærmere på noen av de manualene som er i bruk og noen av de utfordringene vi står overfor når det gjelder fotografisk manipulasjon.

• Moen, Morten (2022). Fremtiden for filmproduksjon kan ligge i deepfakes og kunstig intelligens. Forskning.no. ISSN 1891-635X. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Fetveit, Arild (2022). Photographic Futures: In the Crystal Ball of Photography Academies. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Fetveit, Arild (2022). Photographic Futures: Preliminary Notes and Questions. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Fetveit, Arild (2022). Uncanny (Inter)Mediality and Photo Futures. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Grut, Ståle Bjørlykke (2022). Derfor gikk politivideoen viralt: – Sjokkeffekt. [Internet]. TV 2. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Tusenvis har engasjert seg etter at videoen av en kvinne som ble kastet i bakken av politiet gikk viralt. Det er ikke overraskende, mener medieforsker.

• Moen, Morten (2022). DeepFakes og kunstig intelligens i filmproduksjon. Kunnskapsmagasinet Kristiania. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Grut, Ståle Bjørlykke (2022). Norske medier har oppdaget verdien av brukerskapt innhold. Nå hviler det tyngste ansvaret på redaktørene. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Russlands Ukraina-invasjon markerer et tydelig skille i norske mediers tilnærming til bilder og video fra sosiale medier. Nå trengs rutiner og oppfølging av journalister.

• Hausken, Liv; Steensen, Steen & Følstad, Asbjørn (2021). Forskning vs. fake news (paneldebatt). Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hausken, Liv; Svenungsen, Bjørn; Gjesvik, Lars & Kalsnes, Bente (2021). “The Perils and Pitfalls of Fake News: What can be a democratic remedy?” (Paneldebatt) Også annonsert med tittelen: "Fighting Fake News: At What Cost?". Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hausken, Liv (2020). Deepfake, Photography, and Society. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The event was hosted by the UiO:Life Science convergence environment, Organ on a chip and the Hybrid Technology Hub-Centre for Organ on a Chip Technology

• Hausken, Liv (2019). «Hvorfor kritisk bildekompetanse er viktig for demokratiet». Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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