Petter Bae Brandtzæg

• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae & Chaparro-Domínguez, María-Ángeles (2019). From Youthful Experimentation to Professional Identity: Understanding Identity Transitions in Social Media. Young - Nordic Journal of Youth Research.  ISSN 1103-3088. . doi: 10.1177/1103308819834386 Vis sammendrag

  The process of self-presentation is significantly complicated for people growing up with social media. Many individuals have time-stamped digital footprints in social media from early youth to adulthood. However, little is known about long-term consequences for these individuals, their experience of time, and their identity transition from youthful experimentation to a professional identity in social media. Through 15 in-depth interviews, our study explores challenges concerning identity transition and impression management in social media for young adults who have recently entered working life as journalists. Our participants described how they curated their image and self-censored both their previous and current self-generated content in social media. We also find that many have actively opted for passive and peace-keeping self-presentation and use of social media or for turning their usage into private messaging platforms, masking their online identity. Some participants indicated they felt trapped by their own identity making in social media.

• Skjuve, Marita; Haugstveit, Ida Maria; Følstad, Asbjørn & Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2019). Help! Is my chatbot falling into the uncanny valley? An empirical study of user experience in human-chatbot interaction. Human Technology.  ISSN 1795-6889.  15(1), s 30- 54 . doi: 10.17011/ht/urn.201902201607 Vis sammendrag

  Advances in artificial intelligence strengthen chatbots’ ability to resemble human conversational agents. For some application areas, it may be tempting not to be transparent regarding a conversational agent’s nature as chatbot or human. However, the uncanny valley theory suggests that such lack in transparency may cause uneasy feelings in the user. In this study, we combined quantitative and qualitative methods to investigate this issue. First, we used a 2 x 2 experimental research design (n = 28) to investigate effects of lack in transparency on the perceived pleasantness of the conversation in addition to perceived human likeness and affinity for the conversational agent. Second, we conducted an exploratory analysis of qualitative participant reports on these conversations. We did not find that a lack in transparency negatively affected user experience, but we identified three factors important to participants’ assessments. The findings are of theoretical and practical significance and motivate future research.

• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae & Chaparro Domínguez, María Ángeles (2018). A Gap in Networked Publics? A Comparison of Younger and Older Journalists’ Newsgathering Practices on Social Media. Nordicom Review.  ISSN 1403-1108.  39(1), s 95- 109 . doi: 10.2478/nor-2018-0004 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv. Vis sammendrag

  Several recent studies have examined how professional journalists use social media at work. However, we know little about the differences between younger and older journalists’use of social media for newsgathering. We conducted 16 in-depth interviews comparing eight young journalists (median age = 24) with eight older journalists (median age = 50) in Norway. The younger journalists reported using multiple social media platforms, such as Facebook, LinkedIn and Instagram, to collect politically significant information, news observations, sources and comments. By comparison, the older journalists reported relying heavily on elite sources on Twitter. This reluctance to use a variety of social media platforms may limit older journalists’ exposure to a variety of news sources. As a result, younger journalists seem to follow a more multi-perspectival approach to social media and may be more innovative in their newsgathering. Hence, younger journalists may be exposed to more diverse types of news sources than older journalists. Together, the findings indicate a generational gap in ‘networked publics’ concerning how younger and older journalists approach newsgathering in social media.

• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae & Følstad, Asbjørn (2018). Chatbots: changing user needs and motivations. interactions.  ISSN 1072-5520.  25(5), s 38- 43 . doi: 10.1145/3236669 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv. Vis sammendrag

  Chatbots have been around for decades. However, the real buzz around this technology did not start until the spring of 2016. Reasons for the sudden renewed interest in chatbots include massive advances in artificial intelligence (AI) and a major usage shift from online social networks to mobile-messaging applications such as Facebook Messenger, Telegram, Slack, Kik, and Viber. The first of these reasons holds promise that intelligent chatbots may well be within reach. The second concerns service providers' need to reach users in the context of mobile messaging. However, in spite of these drivers, current chatbot applications suggest that conversational user interfaces still face substantial challenges, generally speaking, as well as for the field of human-computer interaction (HCI). Chatbots imply not only a change in the interface between users and technology; they also imply changing user dynamics and patterns of use.

• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae; Følstad, Asbjørn & Chaparro Domínguez, María Ángeles (2018). How Journalists and Social Media Users Perceive Online Fact-Checking and Verification Services. Journalism Practice.  ISSN 1751-2786.  12(9), s 1109- 1129 . doi: 10.1080/17512786.2017.1363657 Vis sammendrag

  While services for fact-checking and verification to counter fake news in social media have increased, little research has investigated how journalists and the public perceive such services. This study reflects the outcomes of REVEAL, a three-year EU research project investigating the use and impact of services for fact-checking and verification. Based on interviews with 32 young journalists and content analysis of social media users’ online conversations, we contribute new knowledge on how journalists and social media users perceive the usefulness and trustworthiness of online fact-checking and verification services. The findings suggest that, while young journalists were largely unfamiliar with or ambivalent about such services, they judged them as potentially useful in the investigative journalistic process. Yet, they were unwilling to rely exclusively on these tools for fact-checking and verification. A comparison of journalists’ perceptions with those of social media users reveals social media users are similarly ambivalent. Some accentuated the usefulness of such services, while others expressed strong distrust. However, the journalists displayed a more nuanced perspective, both seeing these services as potentially useful and being reluctant to blindly trust a single service. Design strategies to make online fact-checking and verification services more useful and trustworthy are suggested.

• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae; Følstad, Asbjørn & Heim, Jan (2018). Enjoyment: Lessons from Karasek, In Mark Blyth (ed.),  Funology 2. From Usability to Enjoyment.  Springer Nature.  ISBN 978-3-319-68213-6.  21.  s 331 - 341 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv. Vis sammendrag

  What makes some experiences enjoyable, and other experiences not? How can we understand enjoyment in human factors design; what components should we consider when we are designing for enjoyment? This chapter explores a theoretical model for understanding the components and nature of enjoyment, and how HCI (Human Computer Interaction) professionals can use the model to predict and evaluate enjoyment. The model is a modified version of Robert Karasek’s well-known demand-control-support model used in work and organisational psychology (Karsek and Theorell in Healthy work: stress, productivity, and the reconstruction of working life. Basic Books, New York, 1990).

• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae & Lüders, Marika (2018). Time Collapse in Social Media: Extending the Context Collapse. Social Media + Society.  ISSN 2056-3051.  4(1) . doi: 10.1177/2056305118763349 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv. Vis sammendrag

  Context collapse, or the flattening of multiple audiences into a single context, has been an important notion in research on privacy experiences, self-performance, and changing user practices in social media. Yet, previous research has mainly addressed context collapse in spatial rather than temporal terms. The resulting lack of an understanding of time in social media limits our conception of the social media context. The aim of this article is therefore to go beyond the spatial dimension in the current notion of “context collapse” in social media. We discuss relevant theories, empirical evidence, and technical features that address the importance of a time dimension and suggest a collapse of temporal patterns in social media. By introducing the concept of “time collapse,” we account for how context in social media may muddle the time boundary between past and present, which, in turn, can affect how users manage their identity and performance on social media. Whereas research on social media has commonly addressed self-performance and impression management, we understand self-identity as an entity in progress. We analyze the results of two empirical case studies to suggest how and why a collapse of time related to self-performance is becoming increasingly prevalent, focusing on young people and Facebook. Our analyses contribute to a new understanding of time and the prolonged self-documenting practices typical of social media. Our research offers a unique understanding of the nature and conceptualization of time that may guide future directions in the study of social media and their implications for young people.

• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae; Pultier, Antoine & Moen, Gro Mette (2018). Losing Control to Data-Hungry Apps – A Mixed-Methods Approach to Mobile App Privacy. Social science computer review.  ISSN 0894-4393. . doi: 10.1177/0894439318777706 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv. Vis sammendrag

  Personal data from mobile apps are increasingly impacting users’ lives and privacy perceptions. However, there is a scarcity of research addressing the combination of (1) individual perceptions of mobile app privacy, (2) actual personal dataflows in apps, and (3) how such perceptions and dataflows relate to actual privacy policies and terms of use in mobile apps. To address this limitation, we conducted an innovative mixed methods study including a representative user survey in Norway, an analysis of personal dataflows in apps, and content analysis of privacy policies of 21 popular, free Android mobile apps. Our findings show that more than half the respondents in the user survey repeatedly had refrained from downloading or using apps to avoid sharing personal data. Our analysis of dataflows applied a novel methodology measuring activity in the apps over time (48 hours). The investigation showed that 19 of 21 apps investigated transmitted personal data to a total of approximately 600 different primary and third-party domains. From a European perspective, it is particularly noteworthy that most of these domains were associated with tech companies in the United States, where privacy laws are less strict than companies operating from Europe. The investigation further revealed that some apps by default track and share user data continuously, even when the app is not in use. For some of these, the terms of use provided with the apps did not inform the users about the actual tracking practice. A comparison of terms of use as provided in the studied apps with actual person dataflows as identified in the analysis disclosed that three of the apps shared data in violation with their provided terms of use. A possible solution for the mobile app industry, to strengthen user trust, is privacy by design through opt-in data sharing with the service and third parties, and more granular information on personal data sharing practices. Also, based on the findings from this study, we suggest specific visualizations to enhance transparency of personal dataflows in mobile apps. A methodological contribution is that a mixed methods approach strengthens our understanding of the complexity of privacy issues in mobile apps.

• Skjuve, Marita & Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2018). Chatbots as a new user interface for providing health information to young people, In  Youth and news in a digital media environment – Nordic-Baltic perspectives.  Nordicom.  ISBN 978-91-88855-02-2.  8.  s 59 - 66 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv. Vis sammendrag

  Designing and developing chatbots as a new interface to provide Health information for young people needs a new understanding of new user needs and motivations, as well as privacy. What is needed to develop a successful conversational interface based on chatbots to provide health information is not straightforward. The use of chatbots as conversational user interfaces means a dramatic shift in how we are used to thinking about young users, communication and information. In this paper, we have outlined some of the new needs and challenges posed by the emergent trend of chatbots in the context of young people and mental health information, as well as the new benefits that chatbots deliver

• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2017). Facebook is no "great equalizer": A big data approach to gender differences in civic engagement across countries. Social science computer review.  ISSN 0894-4393.  35(1), s 103- 125 . doi: 10.1177/0894439315605806 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv. Vis sammendrag

  Facebook is expected to facilitate more equal participation in civic engagement across genders and countries. With the use of a big data tool (Wisdom), we explored gender disparities in various Facebook liking practices concerning expressions of civic engagement among 21,706,806 Facebook users in ten countries across Asia, Africa, the Americas, and Europe. We observed distinct patterns with regard to civic and political expressions on Facebook, with males drawn more toward politically and information-oriented liking practices as compared to females. Moreover, females (aged 13–28 years) in Europe and the Americas are more likely than males to support humanitarian aid and environmental issues on Facebook. This latter finding was not evident in Asia and Africa, where males are more active in liking all forms of civic expressions on Facebook. In conclusion, this study shows that the gender differences in civic engagement that exist offline to a large degree are replicated and reinforced on Facebook.

• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae & Følstad, Asbjørn (2017). Trust and distrust in online fact-checking services. Communications of the ACM.  ISSN 0001-0782.  60(9), s 65- 71 . doi: 10.1145/3122803 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv. Vis sammendrag

  While the internet has the potential to give people ready access to relevant and factual information, social media sites like Facebook and Twitter have made filtering and assessing online content increasingly difficult due to its rapid flow and enormous volume. In fact, 49% of social media users in the U.S. in 2012 received false breaking news through social media.8 Likewise, a survey by Silverman11 suggested in 2015 that false rumors and misinformation disseminated further and faster than ever before due to social media. Political analysts continue to discuss misinformation and fake news in social media and its effect on the 2016 U.S. presidential election.

• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae & Følstad, Asbjørn (2017). Why People Use Chatbots, In Ioannis Kompatsiaris; Jonathan Cave; Anna Satsiou; Georg Carle; Antonella Passani; Efstratios Kontopoulos; Sotiris Diplaris & Donald C McMillan (ed.),  Internet Science: 4th International Conference, INSCI 2017.  Springer.  ISBN 978-3-319-70283-4.  artikkel.  s 377 - 392 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv. Vis sammendrag

  There is a growing interest in chatbots, which are machine agents serving as natural language user interfaces for data and service providers. However, no studies have empirically investigated people’s motivations for using chatbots. In this study, an online questionnaire asked chatbot users (N = 146, aged 16–55 years) from the US to report their reasons for using chatbots. The study identifies key motivational factors driving chatbot use. The most frequently reported motivational factor is “productivity”; chatbots help users to obtain timely and efficient assistance or information. Chatbot users also reported motivations pertaining to entertainment, social and relational factors, and curiosity about what they view as a novel phenomenon. The findings are discussed in terms of the uses and gratifications theory, and they provide insight into why people choose to interact with automated agents online. The findings can help developers facilitate better human–chatbot interaction experiences in the future. Possible design guidelines are suggested, reflecting different chatbot user motivations.

• Følstad, Asbjørn & Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2017). Chatbots and the new world of HCI. interactions.  ISSN 1072-5520.  24(4), s 38- 42 . doi: 10.1145/3085558 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2016). The Social Media Natives: The Relationship between Young Peoples’ Media User Type and their Media Use at School, In Eyvind Elstad (ed.),  Digital Expectations and Experiences in Education.  Sense Publishers.  ISBN 9789463006460.  9.  s 149 - 162 Vis sammendrag

  The purpose of this study is to understand the relationship between the various user patterns among young people and their use of computers and the Internet in school. First, by using cluster analysis on survey data (N=1,850 /age: 9-16 years), we identified four distinct user types: Sporadic Users (38%), Video Users (11%), Socialisers (41%), and Advanced Users (10%). This finding indicates that social media natives, understood as young people, grown up with social media, are not a homogeneous group of media users. Second, a concerning finding is that so many of the user types lean toward a passive user style focused on entertainment. In comparison to previous studies, there is a marked turn toward deriving more entertainment value from computer and Internet use – where technology is used as a toy more than a tool. A typical pattern towards instrumental or utility use is not identified in this study. Third, this study finds a relationship between how young people use new media in general and how often they use computers and the Internet at school. This latter finding suggests that schools may exert a strong influence on how young people in the 21st century develop their user style and competence level in new technologies. At present, schools might amplify rather than equalise the digital divide between young people. Finally, the user typology identified might help researchers, practitioners, and decision makers to better understand the complex variations among social media natives.

• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae; Haugstveit, Ida Maria; Lüders, Marika & Følstad, Asbjørn (2016). How Should Organizations Adapt to Youth Civic Engagement in Social Media? A Lead User Approach. Interacting with computers.  ISSN 0953-5438.  28(5), s 664- 679 . doi: 10.1093/iwc/iwv041 Vis sammendrag

  Organizations aiming to foster civic engagement, such as government bodies, news outlets, political parties, and NGOs, struggle to purposefully use social media to engage young people. To meet this challenge and to inform future design, we interviewed 17 lead users, that is, representatives from organizations that are frontrunners in using social media to engage young people. In addition, we conducted four group-interviews with 21 youth, 16–26 years, about their experiences of and barriers to online civic engagement. Our paper contributes to identifying specific factors and strategies for how young people should be supported in future online civic engagement. Findings suggest that youth should be involved in collaboration within the organizations. Immediate feedback and dialogue combined with clearly stated goals and action-oriented engagement are important. In future design visual communication and design for use on mobile devices are important considerations, as well as concepts that connect between the online and the offline world. Finally, our paper contributes to an extension of the lead user innovation approach.

• Lüders, Marika & Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2016). Når alt sosialt blir flyktig – En kvalitativ studie av hvordan eldre opplever sosiale medier. Norsk Medietidsskrift.  ISSN 0804-8452.  22(2), s 1- 18 . doi: 10.18261/issn.0805-9535-2016-02-04 Vis sammendrag

  Sosiale medier er en stadig viktigere kanal for kontakt med venner og familie. Likevel er eldre menneskers bruk og ikke-bruk av sosiale medier i liten grad forsket på. Ved hjelp av dybdeintervjuer (n=24), fokusgruppeintervjuer (n=39) og en spørreskjemaundersøkelse (n=290) undersøkte vi hvorfor noen eldre bruker, mens andre ikke bruker sosiale medier. Resultatene viser at typiske kjennetegn ved ikke-brukere er at de er "sent eldre" og har mindre sosiale nettverk enn de som bruker sosiale medier. Vi finner at ikke-bruk blant eldre ikke nødvendigvis er en konsekvens av kognitive svekkelser eller mangel på digital kompetanse, men heller et resultat av divergerende kommunikasjonskulturer, som gjenspeiler en generasjonskløft mellom en gammel og ny sosial verden. Ikke-brukerne opplever sosiale medier som kalde og flyktige. Den gruppen av eldre som bruker sosiale medier, har primært erfaring med Facebook. De bruker Facebook typisk som en kontaktkanal med familie og sine nærmeste venner. Et fellestrekk for brukerne er at har et større sosialt nettverk med flere nære ressurspersoner enn det ikke-brukerne har. Slik blir sosiale medier og Facebook mer relevant for denne gruppen, men også et sted hvor de sosialt rike eldre blir enda rikere.

• Mainsah, Henry; Brandtzæg, Petter Bae & Følstad, Asbjørn (2016). Bridging the Generational Culture Gap in Youth Civic Engagement through Social Media: Lessons Learnt from Young Designers in Three Civic Organisations. Journal of Media Innovations.  ISSN 1894-5562.  3(1), s 23- 40 . doi: 10.5617/jmi.v3i1.2724 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv. Vis sammendrag

  Youth civic identities and social media practices are changing rapidly, and civic organisations are struggling to exploit the potential of social media to reach youth. One major challenge concerns the generational culture gap between the networked culture of today’s youth and the top–down culture characteristic of many civic organisations. This study presents lessons learnt from three cases where young designers (22–26 years) were engaged to develop social media concepts for civic organisations. Drawing on this experience, we present lessons learnt on how design by youth for youth may help to bridge the generational culture gap concerning civic engagement through social media. It is suggested that design may benefit from not only being informed by youth but also created by them. Through the design cases, we contribute to how civic organisations might innovate in their social media approach to better reflect the fast-changing networked youth culture.

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• Langslet, Gløer Olav; Solheim, Eirik & Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2017). <Kode 1> Informasjonsteknologi 1. Cappelen Damm AS.  ISBN 9788202527655.  255 s. Vis sammendrag

  Kode 1 – ny alt-i-ett lærebok i 2017 til Informasjonsteknologi 1. Læreboken legger til rette for mest mulig aktiv deltakelse fra elevene. Kode 1 er en ny lærebok skrevet for Informasjonsteknologi 1, programfag i studiespesialiserende utdanningsprogram. Læreboken dekker hele læreplanen i Informasjonsteknologi 1 på Vg2/Vg3 med bruk av HTML5, CSS og Firebase. Boka dekker kompetansemålene til de tre hoveddelene: Digital samtid, Nettsteder og multimedier og Databaser. Informasjonsteknologi 1 med HTML5, CSS og Firebase Kode 1, med HTML5, CSS og Firebase, legger til rette for mest mulig aktiv deltakelse fra elevene. Hvert kapittel starter med en oversikt over kompetansemålene i læreplanen og avslutter med kortfattede sammendrag. Elevene kommer raskt i gang med å bygge nettsider Teorien til kapitlene om utvikling av nettsteder med HTML og CSS er bygd opp med forklarende tekst, kode og eksempler som belyser teorien. I denne læreboken har vi lagt vekt på at elevene raskt skal komme i gang med å lage nettsider. Etter hvert delkapittel finner du derfor flere prøv selv-oppgaver. Løser eleven disse oppgavene får de god trening i å lage nettsider. Kapitlene som omhandler Digital samtid tar opp dagsaktuelle problemstillinger om muligheter, konsekvenser og trusler som er relevante for elevenes forhold til informasjonsteknologi. Stikkordregister og læreplanen til Informasjonsteknologi 1, har vi plassert sist i læreboka

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• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2019, 21. januar). Fake news (gjest i Holm på NRK P1+). [Radio].  NRK P1+.
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2018, 15. mars). 400 000 er ikke digitale. [Radio].  NRK Dagsnytt 18.
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2018). Alternative medier i vekst (kronikk). Dagbladet.  ISSN 0805-3766.  150(74), s 30- 31 Vis sammendrag

  Vi er vitne til en dragkamp om sannheten mellom tradisjonelle og alternative medier. Men hvem er de alternative mediene?

• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2018, 25. april). Chatbot som venn og psykolog. [Fagblad].  Computerworld.
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2018). Chatbots as a new approach to mental health among young people..
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2018, 13. januar). Det sosiale er i dramatisk endring. Setter vi nå teknologien foran menneskelig samvær?. [Radio].  NRK Verdibørsen.
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2018, 05. april). Eldre blir digitalt utestengt. [TV].  TV2 God morgen Norge.
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2018). Er chatbots den nye helsesøsteren for ungdom?.
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2018). Falske nyheter og desinformasjon - hvem kan vi stole på?.
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2018). Fra sosiale medier til chatbots - utvikling og trender i bruken av digital kommunikasjon.
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2018). Fra sosiale medier til kunstig intelligens og roboter.
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2018). Fra vold og porno til skjermavhengighet (Kronikk). VG : Verdens gang.  ISSN 0805-5203.  s 32- 33
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2018, 27. september). Gjest i talkshowet Praktisk info med Jon Almaas. [TV].  TV Norge. Vis sammendrag

  Programmet handlet om mobilavhengighet.

• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2018). Hjelp – mobilzombiene kommer! (kronikk). Aftenposten (morgenutg. : trykt utg.).  ISSN 0804-3116. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv. Vis sammendrag

  Vi er besatt av smarttelefonen vår. Hvorfor ble det sånn? Og hva skjer fremover?

• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2018). Hva er alternative medier?.
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2018). Kjønn og kunstig intelligens. Vis sammendrag

  Artificial intelligence (AI) and algorithms are increasingly affecting how we see and understand the world. Large developments in this area are happening now, and it is emerging fast. However, research s suggests that new technologies often create new digital divides and gender bias. Algorithms, artificial intelligence, and new interfaces could create (and even increase) the gender divide and bias. A male-dominated tech culture has resulted in the slang term "brogramming," referring to computer code produced by "bros" (male friends). Recently, it has been revealed that Google's image searches are gender biased, Google has also been accused of lack of diversity within its ranks and even disproportionately using white men in its doodles. Moreover, artificial intelligence systems, built mostly by men, are showing gender bias. Hence, Just as we learn our biases from the world around us, AI-based systems will learn its biases from us. It is, therefore, and the urgent need to explore how researchers can identify and combat digital divides as they appear in algorithms and artificial intelligent. We need to know more about how the future of AI can eliminate gender bias, and how algorithms can create a more unbiased information universe.

• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2018). Medienes ubehag i det polyfaktuelle samfunn. Minerva (Oslo).  ISSN 0805-7842.  94(1), s 37- 43 . doi: 0805-7842 Vis sammendrag

  Falske nyheters påvirkningskraft er kanskje overdrevet – en hype. Vi lever ikke i postfakta samfunnet, men i det polyfaktuelle samfunnet. Aldri før har vi hatt mer tilgang til nyheter, perspektiver og tolkninger av fakta. Et slikt mangfold av stemmer fører til mindre offentlig konsensus og større skepsis til mediene.

• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2018). No-platforming i digitaliseringens tid. Røyst.  ISSN 1894-7069.  5(2), s 22- 28 Vis sammendrag

  Mye er sagt og skrevet om fenomenet no-platforming i det siste. «No-platforming» handler i korte trekk om å stenge noen ute slik at de ikke kan ytre seg i en offentlig debatt. Det handler om scenenekt. Med økende bruk av no-platforming som virkemiddel, også på digitale arenaer som Facebook og YouTube, står vi ovenfor et av de vanskeligste spørsmålene i dagens informasjonssamfunn: Hvem skal få lov til å ytre seg i offentligheten og hvem skal utestenges? Hvem skal bestemme hva som kan sies av hvem og hvor? Hvor går egentlig grensen for no-platforming uten at ytringsfriheten utfordres? Motiveres no-platforming på digitale plattformer som Facebook ut ifra etiske eller kommersielle verdier? Handler det kun om å beskytte andre for skadelig innhold, eller er det en boikott av stemmer man bare ikke makter eller ønsker å forholde seg til? Motivene for no-platforming kan være mange i en tiltagende informasjonskrig i en digital offentlighet som i økende grad preges av polarisering, falske nyheter, identitetspolitikk og krenkelsestyranni. Et debattklima hvor flere og flere opplever å bli såret og villedet, mens andre bannlyses.

• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2018, 19. april). Når kunstig intelligens blir din beste venn.. [Fagblad].  Forskning.no.
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2018). Oppvekst i lykkeland!.
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2018, 30. august). Robot-psykolog på døgnvakt skal hjelpe flere unge. [Internett].  Forskning.no.
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2018, 06. mai). Scholars Have Data on Millions of Facebook Users. Who’s Guarding It?.  New York Times.
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2018). Social Health Bots - fra informasjonskanal til partner.
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2018). Social Health Bots - om chatbots, brukerbehov og bruksmønstre.
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2018). The Great Outdoors. The power of algorithms. Vis sammendrag

  Facebook is the most used website in Norway. Over 85 percent use Facebook, most of them on a daily basis. In comparison –, only 62 percent of Americans used Facebook in 2017. So, no wonder why we Norwegians could feel familiar with all the various conversations on social media that we all experienced yesterday in "the great outdoors". But are we aware of this digital addiction, and do we know how the digital society affect us as human on a short and long-term basis? Are we still humans or are we cyborgs that are totally dependent on our digital screens? And how do algorithms affect us and the society we live in? Do we know how the algorithms works, or is it like the black box placed in in the middle of the room yesterday? How do we know that algorithms are fair?

• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2018). Utfordringer og muligheter med sosiale medier.
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2018). Vi har mistet kontrollen over dataene om oss selv. Og ikke bare på Facebook! (kronikk). Medier24. Vis sammendrag

  Facebook er den siste uken blitt fremstilt som den store stygge personvernsulven i media, men hva med media selv og hva med norske tjenesteleverandører - ivaretar de vårt personvern? Facebook er bare en del av et større problem der våre persondata er blitt en ettertraktet handelsvare som selges i enormt nettverk av tredjepartsaktører. Persondata om deg og meg samles inn i storskala.

• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2018). Ødeleggende sammenligningskultur på nett (debattinnlegg). VG : Verdens gang.  ISSN 0805-5203.  (268), s 45- 46
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae & Følstad, Asbjørn (2018). Nettpratrobotene vil endre måten vi kommuniserer med internett (kommentar). Aftenposten (morgenutg. : trykt utg.).  ISSN 0804-3116. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Følstad, Asbjørn; Brandtzæg, Petter Bae; Feltwell, Tom; Law, Effie L.-C.; Tscheligi, Manfred & Luger, Ewa (2018). Chatbots for social good, In Mark Perry & Anna Cox (ed.),  Extended Abstracts of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems.  ACM Publications.  ISBN 978-1-4503-5621-3.  Special Interest Group. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv. Vis sammendrag

  Chatbots are emerging as an increasingly important area for the HCI community, as they provide a novel means for users to interact with service providers. Due to their conversational character, chatbots are potentially effective tools for engaging with customers, and are often developed with commercial interests at the core. However, chatbots also represent opportunities for positive social impact. Chatbots can make needed services more accessible, available, and affordable. They can strengthen users' autonomy, competence, and (possibly counter-intuitively) social relatedness. In this special interest group (SIG) we address the possible social benefits of chatbots and conversational user interfaces. We will bring together the existing, but disparate, community of researchers and practitioners within the CHI community and broader fields who have an interest in chatbots. We aim to discuss the potential for chatbots to move beyond their assumed role as channels for commercial service providers, explore how they may be used for social good, and how the HCI community may contribute to realize this.

• Skjuve, Marita & Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2018). Facebook Live "a big shift in how we communicate"?.
• Skjuve, Marita & Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2018). Measuring user experience in chatbots: An approach to interpersonal communication competence.
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2017). 25 år siden vi var sosiale - på ordentlig (kronikk). Aftenposten (morgenutg. : trykt utg.).  ISSN 0804-3116. Vis sammendrag

  «Merry Christmas» stod det på den først SMS-en som ble sendt for 25 år siden, den 3. desember 1992. De unge kastet seg raskt over SMS, fordi det var en rimelig og effektiv inngang til kommunikasjon. Likevel var det ingen som forutså suksessen. Lite visste verden om at SMS var startskuddet på en hypersosial virkelighet. De sosiale livene våre har endret seg radikalt siden desemberdagen i 1992. Den digitale skjermen er blitt inngangen til kommunikasjon og menneskelig samvær – et uendelig kommunikasjonsunivers tilgjengelig 24/7. Kommunikasjonshastigheten og mengden bare øker. Det er derfor betimelig å spørre hvilken vei mellommenneskelig kommunikasjonen går.

• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2017, 14. juli). Dagsnytt18 om Klikk-journalistikk. [Radio].  NRK.
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2017, 02. februar). Debatt om politikere på sosiale medier. [TV].  TV2.
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2017). Digital Natives – en myte?.
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2017). Digitale skiller. Innledning i debatt om "slippen min".
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2017). Fake news og tillit til mediene - hvem kan vi stole på?.
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2017). Falske nyheter.
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2017). Falske nyheter - utvikling og beredskap.
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2017). Falske nyheter i Norge.
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2017). Falske nyheter og tillit til mediene- Hvem kan vi stole på?.
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2017, 16. mars). Forsker på «psykologrobot» for ungdom. [Fagblad].  Gemini.
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2017). In a world of fake news – Do people trust fact-checkers?.
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2017). Kan trafikantene påvirkes gjennom nye kanaler? Hva kan vi lære av fake news og chatbots?.
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2017, 27. mars). Lager chattetjeneste med kunstig intelligens. [Fagblad].  Sykepleien.
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2017, 09. desember). Om snapstreak på NRK P2 Ekko. [Radio].  NRK Ekko.
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2017). Om sosiale medier, ungdom og ensomhet.
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2017). Paneldebatt: Når falske nyheter blir den nye statsmakten.
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2017). Radikaliseres Norges befolkning på Facebook? (Debattinnlegg). Dagbladet.  ISSN 0805-3766. Vis sammendrag

  Er norsk valgkamp utviklet seg til å ligne amerikanske tilstander der ekkokamre på Facebook setter agendaen? Nei, viser min oversikt over nettsteder på Facebook. Innvandringskritiske nettsteder er fortsatt svært marginale samtidig har det vært en økning i løpet av 2017 som kan bekymre.

• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2017). Sosiale medier – et sosialt eksperiment? (invited lecture).
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2017). Sosiale medier og fake news.
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2017). Sosiale medier og ungdom - et sosialt eksperiment..
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2017). Ungdommens digitale hverdag. Bruksmønstre nå og inn i fremtiden..
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2017). Unge, fake news og kildekritikk..
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae; Brekke, Torkel & Wenaas, Lars (2017). Fake Science kommer for fullt (kronikk i VG). VG : Verdens gang.  ISSN 0805-5203.
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae; Chaparro Domínguez, María Ángeles & Følstad, Asbjørn (2017). Context Collapse of News.. Vis sammendrag

  Social media is becoming a much more dynamic power, affecting how news is consumed, shared, and created, including fake news and disinformation. Recent reports show that an increasing number of people consume news via social media on a regular basis. However, the literature offers little systematic guidance on understanding the context of news dissemination in social media and how the social media environment affects users' perceptions and consumption of news. This paper aims to theoretically and empirically interpret emerging news-reading practices and the complex interplay of spatial and temporal conditions in the context of social media. First, to explain peoples’ news consumption via social media, we make use of a well-known concept, context collapse, which was initially used to explain the effects of social media on the social context. Second, to show the implications of context collapse, we empirically analyse and discuss how satirical news that goes viral can be misinterpreted on social media. We find that context collapse in news is not only changing the kind of news stories people read and how they read them but also the ways in which many people interpret news. The present conceptualization of a context collapse in news may guide future research on media and journalism.

• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae & Følstad, Asbjørn (2017). Human-chabot-interaction design.
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae & Følstad, Asbjørn (2017). Tradisjonelle medier har et delansvar for spredning av falske nyheter (kronikk).. Aftenposten (morgenutg. : trykt utg.).  ISSN 0804-3116.
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae; Lüders, Marika & Følstad, Asbjørn (2017). HOW TO UNDERSTAND TRUST IN NEWS MEDIA – A THEORETICAL MODEL. Vis sammendrag

  Trust in news media is critical in the everyday workings of a living democracy. However, several studies indicate that this trust is low or dwindling. Little is also known about how to understand and measure trust in this new and multifaceted media landscape. The objective of this paper is, therefore, to develop a theoretical model for understanding the components and nature of trust in news media, and show how professionals can use this model to predict and evaluate trust. The model is a modified version of Mayer, Davis, and Schoorman’s (1995) well-known model of interpersonal trust in organizations. Their model was one of the first to conceptualize trust as a dynamic and multidimensional concept, where trust is seen as particularly relevant for circumstances characterized by perceived risk. Due to significant changes in patterns of news consumption, we acknowledge and study how trust and trust antecedents vary across news organizations and different social contexts. In addition, our model of trust address a digital context with increasingly fragmented news media outlets, user groups, and changing media habits. The purpose of the proposed theoretical model is to adequately reflect citizen-diversity with factors determining specific "news media user types", and subsequently be able to examine user types as a moderating construct on trust and the trust antecedents. We address three different layers of factors that are likely to determine the type of news media users, such as individual attitudes or political preference, social or organizational networks, and culture or society.

• Følstad, Asbjørn & Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2017). Engasjer dere heller i debatten om falske nyheter! (debattinnlegg i Aftenposten). Aftenposten (morgenutg. : trykt utg.).  ISSN 0804-3116.
• Følstad, Asbjørn & Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2017). Hva innebærer «tillit til mediene»? Og hvorfor svarer folk som de gjør når vi spør? (Kronikk i Medier 24). Medier24.
• Følstad, Asbjørn; Brandtzæg, Petter Bae; Goodwin, Morten & Granmo, Ole-Christoffer (2017). Chatbots for loyalty: From technology push to human touch. Vis sammendrag

  This position paper takes as a starting point the potential of chatbots to strengthen users' loyalty, and argues that this potential is not realized in part due to what we see as a substantially technology push in the domain. We argue that a human-centred approach to chatbot design and development is needed and out-line three areas of research challenges.

• Moe, Dagfinn; Roche-Cerasi, Isabelle; Kummeneje, An-Magritt; Brandtzæg, Petter Bae & Skjuve, Marita (2017). Den fjerde faktor: Sosiale medier, ungdom og trafikksikkerhet.
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2016). Anonymitet på Twitter – mot flokken på Facebook! (kronikk). Aftenposten (morgenutg. : trykt utg.).  ISSN 0804-3116.
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2016). Beskrivelser av en digital barndom og ungdom.
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2016, 01. oktober). ¿Cuál es el secreto de su éxito?. [Fagblad].  Muy Interesante.
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2016). "Minority Report" – snart virkelighet? Hvordan mobile apper truer personvernet..
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2016). Ny sosiale skiller. Sosiale medier og ungdom.
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2016). "Open Access" for forskere. En gjennomgang av sosiale medier for forskere..
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2016). Social Media Natives.
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2016). Virale kampanjer og organisasjoner på sosiale medier - Hvordan kan interesseorganisasjoner tilpasse seg?.
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae & Chaparro Domínguez, María Ángeles (2016). Young journalists and networked individualism: Time collapse among younger journalists in social media.
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae & Følstad, Asbjørn (2016). Social Media Use and Innovations: Introduction to the Special Issue. Journal of Media Innovations.  ISSN 1894-5562.  3(1), s 1- 3 Vis sammendrag

  Social media use and innovations - introduction to the Journal of Media Innovation provides an engaging view into innovative uses of social media as well as approaches for utilizing social media in innovation. With three papers included, we cover experiences with an online social network for children, design by youth for youth in projects on social media for civic engagement, and social platforms for corporate and community innovation.

• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae & Følstad, Asbjørn (2016). Social Media Users’ Perception of the Trustworthiness and Usefulness of Online Fact-checking Services.
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae & Lüders, Marika (2016). Messy Contexts: A Theory of Time Collapse in Social Media.
• Pultier, Antoine; Harrand, Nicolas & Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2016). Privacy in Mobile Apps. Measuring Privacy Risks in Mobile Apps. SINTEF Rapport. A27493. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv. Vis sammendrag

  Privacy risks are increasingly linked to how people use their smartphones and tablets. This study investigates privacy issues in 21 mobile apps for Android. The experiment was done in Oslo, Norway, in November and December 2015. All the apps in this study accessed personally identifiable information. A central finding is that many mobile apps not owned by big American tech companies (e_g. Google, Facebook) - such as sports apps and dating apps - transmitted potentially sensitive user data to a complex myriad of third-party services. In our study the 21 mobile apps communicated with approximately 600 different primary and third-party domains. Many of these third-party domains are trackers that pose potential privacy risks because we have little knowledge about how they collect, store and link user data. Third-party trackers in our study sent data to servers in Europe and the USA. Oppdragsgiver: Norwegian Consumer Council

• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2015). Alt som er sosialt smelter til luft. Nye skiller i en ny sosial verden?.
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2015). Hvordan engasjere unge gjennom sosiale medier?.
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2015). Innledning på konferansen Facebook - venn eller fiende?. Vis sammendrag

  En konferanse viet Facebook, unge og samfunnsengasjement. Har Facebook gjort samfunnsdebatten mer demokratisk eller udemokratisk? Er Facebook en pøl av hat og forakt? Har Facebook gjort oss mer samfunnsengasjerte, eller tvert i mot? Er Facebook vår venn eller fiende?

• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2015). Moderator på UNCONTAMINATED Talks på Oslo Fashion Art Festival.
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2015). Paneldebatt om "Det aktive museet – ungdom medborgerskap og deltakelse".

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