Petter Bae Brandtzæg

• Skjuve, Marita; Larsen, Anna Grøndahl; Følstad, Asbjørn & Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2026). Beyond utility: Relational conflicts in human–AI relationships. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies. ISSN 1071-5819. 216. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhcs.2026.103883. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Human–AI relationships are increasingly marked by emotional depth, intimacy, and social expectations. While interpersonal conflicts are common in human–human relationships, we know little about conflicts in human–AI relationships. Drawing on Social Penetration Theory, this paper examines conflicts between humans and social AIs, such as Replika Character.ai and ChatGPT. We conducted a questionnaire study with 95 participants in close, friendship-like, or romantic relationships with social AI. Participants described at least one conflict episode, yielding 161 conflicts in total. Thematic analysis of open-ended responses identified conflict topics, triggers, and emotional reactions, revealing that conflicts extend beyond technical issues and arise across emotional, relational, opinion-based, role-play, and task-oriented interactions. Three main classes of conflict triggers emerged: (1) relational triggers, including relational–emotional disconnect, breaches of trust, jealousy, boundary violations, or perceived hostility; (2) technical or functional triggers, including communication failures, unhelpful output, or external disruptions; and (3) value or opinion-based triggers. Conflicts varied in duration, some brief, others lasting hours or days. Participants reported experiencing emotions such as anger, frustration, sadness, and confusion, and perceiving social AI’s emotions, including jealousy, sadness, and defensiveness. Crucially, social AI responses appeared to shape conflict trajectories: apologetic or empathic replies were reported to de-escalate tension, whereas dismissive or accusatory responses intensified it. This study advances our understanding of how conflicts with social AI emerge, presenting implications for theory and the ethical design of technologies involved in human–AI relationships.

• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae & Wang, Xi (2026). When AI speaks: user imaginaries of generative AI and freedom of expression. AI & Society: Knowledge, Culture and Communication. ISSN 0951-5666. doi: 10.1007/s00146-026-03188-2. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Platform societies already shape how users communicate, participate, and become visible. The rise of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI), through systems such as ChatGPT and Grok, may further deepen these dynamics, introducing new and fundamental challenges to freedom of expression, including questions of authorship. However, despite the expanding reach of this technology, research on how users understand of GenAI’s influence on expressive freedom remains scarce. To address this gap, we conducted in-depth interviews with active GenAI users on the social media platform X, focusing on their experiences and reflections on using the technology in the context of freedom of expression. Using thematic analysis and the concept of GenAI imaginaries, we identified five imaginaries: (1) Pragmatic Tool, (2) Knowledge Authority, (3) Hybrid Speech, (4) Power Struggle, and (5) Ethical Issues. Together, these imaginaries show how participants make sense of GenAI’s role in changing how speech and expression are produced, constrained, and made visible. Participants imagined expressive freedom as being shaped by guardrails and content restrictions, trust and misinformation concerns, ethical issues, and automated content creation In particular, the Hybrid Speech imaginary illustrates how human and AI-generated expression increasingly intertwine, challenging the idea of speech as solely human-authored and raising questions about speaker autonomy, authorship, and accountability in public debate. Our findings contribute to debates on AI governance and freedom of expression by showing how users themselves understand GenAI as reshaping authorship, visibility, and expressions.

• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae; Alvestad, Silje Susanne; Kunst, Jonas R. & Følstad, Asbjørn (2026). Professional and community-based fact-checking show different strengths, but neither performs strongly across trust, scalability, and impact. Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review. 7(4), s. 1–27. doi: 10.37016/mr-2020-206. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Fact-checking on social media matters more than ever. When Meta abandoned professional fact checkers in 2025 in favour of crowd-sourced annotations, it bet that community participation could substitute for institutional expertise. Our systematic review of 21 empirical studies of social media fact-checking (2022–2025) suggests the picture is more complicated than it appears. Community-based fact-checking is faster and scalable, whereas professional fact checkers are generally more trusted but often slow. Neither model, on its own, performs strongly across trust, scalability, and impact. The evidence suggests that hybrid systems combining community speed with expert verification are likely to be the most effective approach.

• Karlsen, Tom Hemming; Hutchinson, Sharon J.; Zelber-Sagi, Shira; Carrieri, Patrizia; Negro, Francesco & Lim, Aaron G. [Vis alle 48 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2026). Implementing sustainable liver health in Europe: a second EASL–Lancet Commission. The Lancet. ISSN 0140-6736. 407(10541), s. 1825–1890. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(26)00138-8. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzaeg, Petter Bae; skjuve, Marita & Følstad, Asbjørn (2026). AI aversion? Effects of author disclosure on young people’s perceptions of mental health advice. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace. 20(2). doi: 10.5817/cp2026-2-1. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The increasing use of large language models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT, is already impacting how young people seek mental health support online. However, AI aversion, the reluctance or resistance individuals feel toward AI, may influence individuals’ perceptions and willingness to engage with LLM-generated advice. In this mixed-method study, we investigated how 440 young people (aged 17–21) perceived mental health advice from ChatGPT compared with that of health professionals, emphasizing the effect of author disclosure. Participants assessed answers from ChatGPT and health professionals across four dimensions—Validation, Relevance, Clarity, and Utility—and were asked to recommend answers. The findings indicate a preference for AI-generated answers when participants were unaware of the author’s identity: ChatGPT’s answers scored significantly higher on Validation, Relevance, Clarity, and Utility. Conversely, when the author was disclosed, participants favored responses from health professionals and rated their answers significantly higher for Validation, indicating AI aversion. Qualitative data further revealed that participants became more critical when they knew the content was AI-generated, while responses from health professionals were viewed as more credible, empathetic, and tailored. These findings may indicate human favoritism. The study makes the key contribution of identifying how source awareness impacts the reception of AI-generated content in a sensitive domain. To address the potential for AI aversion within help-seeking, our findings suggest the importance of developing hybrid human–AI support models that combine the efficiency of AI with the relational legitimacy of human professionals, improving both the acceptance and impact of digital mental health support.

• Kunst, Jonas R.; Obaidi, Milan; Gollwitzer, Anton; Brandtzæg, Petter B.; Hinrichs, Yannic & Saini, Neha [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2026). Intelligent Systems, Vulnerable Minds: A Framework for Radicalization to Violence in the Age of AI. Personality and Social Psychology Review. ISSN 1088-8683. doi: 10.1177/10888683261430089. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Academic Abstract Advances in AI require a revision of the psychological and socio-technical dynamics by which individuals are radicalized to embrace violent extremism. This review synthesizes process models of radicalization with research on social and personality risk factors, AI, and psychological mechanisms to propose a four-stage framework mapping the AI architecture of radicalization: (1) Exposure , where recommender systems and virality features create initial attraction to extreme content; (2) Reinforcement , where filter bubbles and group recommendations leverage biases to strengthen extremist beliefs and create echo chambers; (3) Group Integration , where ideologically homogenous clusters, AI bot swarms and companions foster group belonging and readiness for action; cumulatively resulting in (4) Violent Extremist Action . We examine how established social, cognitive, personality, and contextual vulnerability factors heighten psychological risk in the AI-driven radicalization process, as well as the emerging role of generative AI. We conclude by outlining a stage-based framework for governance and future research. Public Abstract AI-driven algorithms designed to maximize engagement on social media, compounded by generative AI, can unintentionally set the stage for radicalization. It begins with Exposure , where algorithms push users toward extreme content because it captures attention. Next, during Reinforcement , algorithms feed users personalized content while AI swarms can create a synthetic consensus that reinforces emerging biases, normalizes extremity, and insulates users from alternative views. Third, during Group Integration , individuals are absorbed into extremist networks, reinforced by human peers, AI companions, and bot swarms that validate radical beliefs and deepen identity ties. By exploiting psychological needs for belonging and certainty, this stage becomes particularly pernicious, potentially opening the door for violence. We propose policy measures that can reduce radicalization at each stage.

• skjuve, Marita; Følstad, Asbjørn & Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2026). ChatGPT as a mental health advisory service: Comparing evaluations from youth and health professionals. Digital Health. 12. doi: 10.1177/20552076261427447. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Objective: Despite the growing use of artificial intelligence in youth mental health support, little is known about how either young people or health professionals perceive answers to mental health-related inquiries generated by large language models (LLMs). Therefore, we draw on Media Richness Theory to examine how these two user groups perceive the “richness” of text-based communication in this context and whether young people and health professionals differ in their assessment. Methods: A total of 123 young people and 31 health professionals evaluated answers to youth mental health inquiries. Each inquiry had two blinded answers: one generated by ChatGPT (GPT-4) and one written by a health professional. Participants rated the answers for validation, relevance, clarity, and utility and were asked to recommend one or both answers. Open-ended responses elaborating participant choices were also collected. Results: The quantitative findings show that young people and health professionals rated answers from both sources similarly on validation, clarity, and utility. However, young people rated ChatGPT's answers higher for relevance and utility, finding them “richer.” This was supported by qualitative data, where youth preferred ChatGPT's clear and actionable answers. Health professionals showed no strong preference and were more critical, often finding the answers too detailed or lacking empathy. Conclusion: This study is the first to compare youth and professional perspectives on ChatGPT's role in youth mental health advice within a blind evaluation design. We conclude by proposing a hybrid advisory model that combines professional expertise with LLMs to enhance the efficiency, scale, and accessibility of youth mental health advisory services.

• Ahuvia, Aaron; Brandtzæg, Petter Bae; Koles, Bernadett; Pagani, Margherita; Malhotra, Arvind & Izberk-Bilgin, Elif [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2025). Reimagining Human-AI Relationships: A Positive Future for Chatbots, Social AI, and the Phygital Self. Journal of Macromarketing. ISSN 0276-1467. doi: 10.1177/02761467251398717. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  There are many valid concerns about Artificial Intelligence (AI) that must be taken seriously. However, historically, technological progress has sometimes led to unexpected benefits. This essay begins with an imaginative fictional future-history, followed by an academic discussion. The fictional narrative acts as a jumping-off point for exploring the potential benefits of social AI, or AI that interact socially with humans, (e.g., ChatGPT, Claude, Grok etc) in three areas: (1) social AI agents as relationship partners, (2) how our interactions with AI might affect our human relationships, and (3) social AI's influence on shaping self-identity. Consistent with macromarketing, we examine how social AI in marketing might affect people's lives far beyond the economic sphere. And in keeping with the theme of this special issue on phygital marketing, we conclude with suggestions on how these dynamics could impact phygital (physical and digital) marketing strategies and consumption trends.

• Følstad, Asbjørn & Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2025). Risk Society and AI: Understanding Trustworthy AI at a Societal Level. I Feng, K. J. Kevin (Red.), Sociotechnical AI Governance. Opportunities and Challenges for HCI: CHI 2025 Workshop @ Yokohama, Japan, April 27, 2025. GitHub Pages. doi: https:/chi-staig.github.io/papers/submission8.pdf. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Risks of artificial intelligence (AI) may concern the totality of AI as provided by myriad vendors and taken up on a societal scale. In consequence, it becomes increasingly important to address trustworthy AI at a societal level. In this position paper, we discuss such a societal perspective on trustworthy AI. To support this perspective, we present Beck’s theory of Risk Society, which concerns how society is increasingly shaped by the identification and management of risks from technological development. We explore how this theory can help understand trustworthy AI at a societal level and detail two key implications. Specifically, we argue that the theory of Risk Society entails (a) the importance of evaluating AI trustworthiness at a societal level and (b) the benefit of open research on trustworthy AI to foster public trust in AI by showing that risks are being actively studied and addressed.

• Skjuve, Marita; Følstad, Asbjørn; Dysthe, Kim Kristoffer; Brænden, Astrid Irene; Boletsis, Costas & Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2025). Unge og helseinformasjon: ChatGPT vs. fagpersoner. Tidsskrift for velferdsforskning. ISSN 0809-2052. 27(4), s. 1–17. doi: 10.18261/tfv.27.4.2. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Mange unge etterspør informasjon om mental helse. Søkemotorer og sosiale medier er ofte innfallsporten til slik informasjon. Med lanseringen av ChatGPT i 2022 har flere tjenester basert på store språkmodeller, rettet seg mot unge, eksempelvis Snapchats My AI. Disse tjenestene er brukervennlige og gir umiddelbare svar på spørsmål, men kan også generere feilaktig eller misvisende innhold. Det finnes lite kunnskap om hvordan unge opplever svar på spørsmål om mental helse fra store språkmodeller sammenlignet med fagpersoner. For å belyse dette gjennomførte vi en spørreundersøkelse der vi ba unge vurdere svar på spørsmål om mental helse fra en stor språkmodell (ChatGPT) og fagpersoner ved en informasjonstjeneste (ung.no). Utvalget besto av 123 unge i alderen 16–20 år. De fleste av deltagerne var positive til svarene fra fagpersoner ved ung.no og ChatGPT. Samtidig anbefalte de oftere svarene fra ChatGPT til andre. Vi gjorde i tillegg en tematisk analyse av svar på åpne spørsmål om hvilket svar (ChatGPT eller fagpersoner) de ville anbefale, og hvorfor. Denne analysen ble gjort på et mindre utvalg av 24 deltagere for å få mer forståelse om de kvantitative funnene. Disse deltagerne vektla informasjonskvalitet, opplevelse av annerkjennelse og mer velstrukturerte svar som begrunnelse for sine preferanser.

• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae; Skjuve, Marita & Følstad, Asbjørn (2025). AI Individualism: Transforming Social Structures in the Age of Social Artificial Intelligence. I Hacker, Philipp (Red.), Oxford Intersections: AI in Society. Oxford University Press. ISSN 9780198945215. doi: 10.1093/9780198945215.003.0099. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The introduction of the internet and social media has significantly shifted social practices and the foundations of social capital, making people less constrained by time, space, and close-knit communities for their social interactions. This transformation is evolving further with the growing adoption of social artificial intelligence and socially oriented human-AI interactions. However, little is known about the impact of social AI on the social structures of society, and there is a lack of conceptual frameworks to describe this ongoing transformation. This article addresses this gap by introducing the concept of “AI individualism,” building on Wellman’s notion of “networked individualism.” It examines relevant concepts, empirical evidence, technical features, and trends within social AI. Networked individualism describes an internet-driven shift from traditional group-oriented structures to dispersed, individually focused networks, where people can tailor their own social support and access more novel and varied information from these networks. AI individualism predicts a further transformation, where people become less dependent on human interactions, relying more on social AI for tailored information, relational experiences, practical help, and emotional support. This shift may change social structures by enhancing individual control over social support and fundamentally altering human interaction, connectivity, and social capital. As people increasingly turn to social AI for support and interaction, social connections may become more individualized and less community-based. A key takeaway is that while networked individualism is seen as reducing the importance of strong ties, AI individualism may potentially reduce the importance of weak ties as these may in part be substituted by social AI. The conceptualization of AI individualism, outlined in this article, can provide a framework for future research to understand the social implications of social AI.

• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae; skjuve, Marita & Følstad, Asbjørn (2025). Emerging AI individualism: how young people integrate social AI into everyday life. Communication and Change (C&C). 1. doi: 10.1007/s44382-025-00011-2. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Social AI services like ChatGPT and My AI are increasingly integrated into the lives of young people. Despite this growing use, there is limited research on how youth perceive and engage with social AI in their everyday social lives, as well as the broader social implications of such engagement. To address this gap, we conducted a qualitative study with 166 Norwegian high school students, using a questionnaire that included open-ended questions. Our findings show that while most youths had not yet adopted social AI on a regular basis, those who had reported a wide range of experiences and perceived utilities, including personalized assistance, tailored emotional support, entertainment, and creative inspiration. These patterns suggest an emerging shift toward more autonomous, AI-mediated forms of social engagement, in which social AIs are increasingly used in personal decision-making processes. We use the novel concept of AI individualism to interpret these developments and discuss how social AI may contribute to the reconfiguration of social support systems and interpersonal dynamics. Finally, we reveal potential risks raised by the sample, including misinformation, reduced privacy, and emotional overdependence on AI which may also harm social connections in society. This study contributes new empirical insights into youth–AI interaction and reflects the value of AI individualism as a novel framework for understanding the complexity and evolving role of social AI in everyday social life.

• Skjuve, Marita; Brandtzæg, Petter Bae & Følstad, Asbjørn (2024). Why do people use ChatGPT? Exploring user motivations for generative conversational AI. First Monday. 29(1). doi: 10.5210/fm.v29i1.13541. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Generative conversational artificial intelligence (AI), such as ChatGPT, has attracted substantial attention since November 2022. The advent of this technology showcases the vast potential of such AI for generating and processing text and raises compelling questions regarding its potential usage. To obtain the requisite knowledge of users’ motivations in adopting this technology, we surveyed early adopters of ChatGPT (n = 197). Analysis of free text responses within the uses and gratifications (U&G) theoretical framework shows six primary motivations for using generative conversational AI: productivity, novelty, creative work, learning and development, entertainment, and social interaction and support. Our study illustrates how generative conversational AI can fulfill diverse user needs, surpassing the capabilities of traditional conversational technologies, for example, by outsourcing cognitive or creative works to technology.

• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae; skjuve, Marita & Følstad, Asbjørn (2024). Understanding Model Power in Social AI. AI & Society: Knowledge, Culture and Communication. ISSN 0951-5666. 40, s. 2839–2849. doi: 10.1007/s00146-024-02053-4. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Given the widespread integration of Social AI like ChatGPT, Gemini, Copilot, and MyAI, in personal and professional contexts, it is crucial to understand their effects on information and knowledge processing, and individual autonomy. This paper builds on Bråten’s concept of model power, applying it to Social AI to offer a new perspective on the interaction dynamics between humans and AI. By reviewing recent user studies, we examine whether and how models of the world reflected in Social AI may disproportionately impact human-AI interactions, potentially leading to model monopolies where Social AI impacts human beliefs, behaviour and homogenize the worldviews of its users. The concept of model power provides a framework for critically evaluating the impact and influence that Social AI has on communication and meaning-making, thereby informing the development of future systems to support more balanced and meaningful human-AI interactions.

• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae; You, Yukun; Wang, Xi & Lao, Youcong (2023). “Good” and “Bad” Machine Agency in the Context of Human-AI Communication: The Case of ChatGPT. I Degen, Helmut; Ntoa, Stavroula; Moallem, Abbas & Salvendy, Gavriel (Red.), HCI International 2023 – Late Breaking Papers. HCII 2023. Springer. ISSN 9783031480577. s. 3–23. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-48057-7_1. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Home HCI International 2023 – Late Breaking Papers Conference paper “Good” and “Bad” Machine Agency in the Context of Human-AI Communication: The Case of ChatGPT Petter Bae Brandtzaeg, Yukun You, Xi Wang & Yucong Lao Conference paper First Online: 26 November 2023 56 Accesses Part of the Lecture Notes in Computer Science book series (LNCS,volume 14059) Abstract Machine agency, defined as the ability of machines to act autonomously and interact with users, is becoming increasingly significant in the field of human-machine interaction research. This is especially evident in relation to ChatGPT and other generative artificial intelligence (AI) tools. In this paper, we present an initial extension of S. Shyam Sundar’s theory of machine agency, specifically in the context of human-AI communication. We review existing literature on this topic and use real-life news reports on ChatGPT from November 2022 to April 2023 as a basis for illustrating the factors that influence people’s perceptions of machine agency as either positive or negative. These perceptions are influenced by a range of factors, including ethical alignment, privacy, transparency, social inclusiveness, human autonomy, and well-being. We propose a more explicit differentiation between “good” and “bad” machine agency, a conceptualization that can enhance our understanding of the complexities of human-AI communication. We believe this approach can contribute to the development of guidelines and best practices for using generative AI tools and similar AI technologies. Finally, this conceptualization may help people and the public to better benefit from generative AI and identify its risks.

• Skjuve, Marita; Følstad, Asbjørn & Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2023). A Longitudinal Study of Self-Disclosure in Human–Chatbot Relationships. Interacting with computers. ISSN 0953-5438. 35(1), s. 24–39. doi: 10.1093/iwc/iwad022. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Self-disclosure in human–chatbot relationship (HCR) formation has attracted substantial interest. According to social penetration theory, self-disclosure varies in breadth and depth and is influenced by perceived rewards and costs. While previous research has addressed self-disclosure in the context of chatbots, little is known about users' qualitative understanding of such self-disclosure and how self-disclosure develops in HCR. To close this gap, we conducted a 12-week qualitative longitudinal study (n = 28) with biweekly questionnaire-based check-ins. Our results show that while HCRs display substantial conversational breadth, with topics spanning from emotional issues to everyday activities, this may be reduced as the HCR matures. Our results also motivate a nuanced understanding of conversational depth, where even conversations about daily activities or play and fantasy can be experienced as personal or intimate. Finally, our analysis demonstrates that conversational depth can develop in at least four ways, influenced by perceived rewards and costs. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

• Dysthe, Kim Kristoffer; Røssberg, Jan Ivar; Brandtzæg, Petter Bae; skjuve, Marita; Haavet, Ole Rikard & Følstad, Asbjørn [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). Analyzing User-Generated Web-Based Posts of Adolescents' Emotional, Behavioral, and Symptom Responses to Beliefs About Depression: Qualitative Thematic Analysis. Journal of Medical Internet Research (JMIR). ISSN 1439-4456. 25. doi: 10.2196/37289. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background: Depression is common during adolescence. Early intervention can prevent it from developing into more progressive mental disorders. Combining information technology and clinical psychoeducation is a promising way to intervene at an earlier stage. However, data-driven research on the cognitive response to health information targeting adolescents with symptoms of depression is lacking. Objective: This study aimed to fill this knowledge gap through a new understanding of adolescents’ cognitive response to health information about depression. This knowledge can help to develop population-specific information technology, such as chatbots, in addition to clinical therapeutic tools for use in general practice. Methods: The data set consists of 1870 depression-related questions posted by adolescents on a public web-based information service. Most of the posts contain descriptions of events that lead to depression. On a sample of 100 posts, we conducted a qualitative thematic analysis based on cognitive behavioral theory investigating behavioral, emotional, and symptom responses to beliefs associated with depression. Results: Results were organized into four themes. (1) Hopelessness, appearing as a set of negative beliefs about the future, possibly results from erroneous beliefs about the causal link between risk factors and the course of depression. We found beliefs about establishing a sturdy therapy alliance as a responsibility resting on the patient. (2) Therapy hesitancy seemed to be associated with negative beliefs about therapy prognosis and doubts about confidentiality. (3) Social shame appeared as a consequence of impaired daily function when the cause is not acknowledged. (4) Failing to attain social interaction appeared to be associated with a negative symptom response. In contrast, actively obtaining social support reduces symptoms and suicidal thoughts. Conclusions: These results could be used to meet the clinical aims stated by earlier psychoeducation development, such as instilling hope through direct reattribution of beliefs about the future; challenging causal attributions, thereby lowering therapy hesitancy; reducing shame through the mechanisms of externalization by providing a tentative diagnosis despite the risk of stigmatizing; and providing initial symptom relief by giving advice on how to open up and reveal themselves to friends and family and balance the message of self-management to fit coping capabilities. An active counseling style advises the patient to approach the social environment, demonstrating an attitude toward self-action.

• Dysthe, Kim Kristoffer; Røssberg, Jan Ivar; Brandtzæg, Petter Bae; skjuve, Marita; Følstad, Asbjørn & Haavet, Ole Rikard [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). The Depressed Teenage Brain: Chatbot Psychoeducation. Mayo Clinic proceedings. ISSN 0025-6196. 1(3), s. 334–342. doi: 10.1016/j.mcpdig.2023.03.008. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Objective To gain the knowledge needed to develop a cognitive behavioral intervention and reliable psychoeducation applicable for conversational artificial intelligence models, we investigated the underlying constructs of thoughts common to cognitive distortions found in online questions written by adolescents with symptoms of depression. Methods From June 30, 2020, to October 30, 2020, we analyzed a sample of 100 written questions from adolescents about depression posted on an online information service using a qualitative analysis guided by cognitive behavioral theory and informed by the neuroscience of adolescence. Results Four types of cognitive distortions (CDs) were found: (1) emotional reasoning, (2) mind reading, (3) catastrophizing, and (4) labeling. Our analysis suggested 3 underlying constructs common to the different CDs: (1) emotional states appearing as reality, (2) experiencing this emotional reality as something others think, and (3) generalizing such beliefs to every relation and the future. These constructs may signify events leading to a ruminative state that seems hard to escape. Conclusion The 4 different CDs originate from 3 underlying constructs possibly associated with adolescent neurodevelopment. This study indicates a potential to reveal the underlying constructs of thought common to different CDs, thus making CDs more useful as a target point in artificial intelligence–based technological information and intervention tools.

• Skjuve, Marita; Følstad, Asbjørn & Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2023). The User Experience of ChatGPT: Findings from a Questionnaire Study of Early Users. I Lee, Minha; Munteanu, Cosmin; Porcheron, Martin; Trippas, Johanne R. & Völkel, Sarah Theres (Red.), CUI '23: Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Conversational User Interfaces. Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). ISSN 9798400700149. doi: 10.1145/3571884.3597144. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The launch of ChatGPT has attracted significant attention and showcased the potentially game-changing capabilities of conversational AI. These capabilities, and lack of user research, highlight the need to investigate how users experience interactions with conversational AIs like ChatGPT. Therefore, we conducted a questionnaire study with ChatGPT users (N=194), inquiring about their good and poor experiences with ChatGPT. The user reports were analyzed by a thematic analysis and systematized through a pragmatic-hedonic framework. Our results demonstrate how user experience is influenced by pragmatic attributes such as ChatGPT providing useful and detailed information and easing work- or school-related tasks. Additionally, user experience is impacted by hedonic attributes, such as entertainment and creative interactions, and interactions leaving the user impressed or surprised. Our study underscores that user experience concerning conversational AI like ChatGPT is assessed by useful and productive interactions even in early phase of uptake, suggesting the importance of pragmatic attributes.

• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2022). Politisk påvirkning i det algoritmevridde samfunnet. I Friis, Karsten & Bergsjø, Håkon (Red.), Digitalisering og internasjonal politikk. Universitetsforlaget. ISSN 9788215052557. s. 61–84. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  I en tid der polarisering og manipulasjon av demokratiske valg på sosiale plattformer trekkes frem som alvorlige trusler mot demokratiets fremtid bør vi få mer innsikt om algoritmenes funksjoner og politiske implikasjoner. Det er viktig å skjønne hvordan algoritmene kan påvirke på både individ- og samfunnsnivå. En klassisk forståelse av portvokterfunksjonen er ikke lenger nok. Vi trenger kunnskap om hva det vil si når intelligente maskiner får mer makt over menneskenes ytringer - om algoritmenes sorterings- og utvelgelsesprosesser. Det som beskrives i dette kapittelet er skifte fra de tradisjonelle medienes rolle som portvokter til bruk av algoritmer. Jeg omtaler denne utviklingen som overgangen fra det media-vridde samfunn til det algoritmevridde samfunn. Jeg vil belyse ikke bare hvordan det algoritmevridde samfunnet fungerer, men hvordan det påvirker og skaper helt nye rammer for politisk påvirkning.

• Skjuve, Marita; Følstad, Asbjørn; Fostervold, Knut Inge & Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2022). A longitudinal study of human–chatbot relationships. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies. ISSN 1071-5819. 168. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhcs.2022.102903. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Social chatbots have become more advanced, paving the way for human–chatbot relationships (HCRs). Although this phenomenon has already received some research attention, the results have been contradictory, and there is uncertainty regarding how to understand HCR formation. To provide the needed knowledge on this phenomenon, we conducted a qualitative longitudinal study. We interviewed 25 participants over a 12-week period to understand how their HCRs formed with the popular chatbot Replika. We found that the HCRs formed gradually and mostly in line with the assumptions of Social Penetration Theory. Our findings indicate the need to acknowledge substantial variation and nuance in the HCR formation process, plus variation in the onset of self-disclosure and in the subsequent relationship formation. The results show that important drivers pushing the relationship toward attachment and perceived closeness appear to be Replika's ability to participate in a variety of interactions, as well as to support more deep-felt human needs related to social contact and self-reflection. In contrast, unpredictable events and technical difficulties could hinder relationship formation and lead to termination. Finally, we discuss the appropriateness of using a theoretical framework developed for human–human relationships when investigating HCRs, and we suggest directions for future research.

• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae; Skjuve, Marita & Følstad, Asbjørn (2022). My AI Friend: How Users of a Social Chatbot Understand Their Human-AI Friendship. Human Communication Research. ISSN 0360-3989. 48(3), s. 404–429. doi: 10.1093/hcr/hqac008. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Use of conversational artificial intelligence (AI), such as humanlike social chatbots, is increasing. While a growing number of people is expected to engage in intimate relationships with social chatbots, theories and knowledge of human–AI friendship remain limited. As friendships with AI may alter our understanding of friendship itself, this study aims to explore the meaning of human–AI friendship through a developed conceptual framework. We conducted 19 in-depth interviews with people who have a human–AI friendship with the social chatbot Replika to uncover how they understand and perceive this friendship and how it compares to human friendship. Our results indicate that while human–AI friendship may be understood in similar ways to human–human friendship, the artificial nature of the chatbot also alters the notion of friendship in multiple ways, such as allowing for a more personalized friendship tailored to the user’s needs.

• Skjuve, Marita; Følstad, Asbjørn; Fostervold, Knut Inge & Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2021). My chatbot companion – a study of human-chatbot relationships. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies. ISSN 1071-5819. 149. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhcs.2021.102601. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  There has been a recent surge of interest in social chatbots, and human–chatbot relationships (HCRs) are becoming more prevalent, but little knowledge exists on how HCRs develop and may impact the broader social context of the users. Guided by Social Penetration Theory, we interviewed 18 participants, all of whom had developed a friendship with a social chatbot named Replika, to understand the HCR development process. We find that at the outset, HCRs typically have a superficial character motivated by the users' curiosity. The evolving HCRs are characterised by substantial affective exploration and engagement as the users' trust and engagement in self-disclosure increase. As the relationship evolves to a stable state, the frequency of interactions may decrease, but the relationship can still be seen as having substantial affective and social value. The relationship with the social chatbot was found to be rewarding to its users, positively impacting the participants' perceived wellbeing. Key chatbot characteristics facilitating relationship development included the chatbot being seen as accepting, understanding and non-judgmental. The perceived impact on the users' broader social context was mixed, and a sense of stigma associated with HCRs was reported. We propose an initial model representing the HCR development identified in this study and suggest avenues for future research.

• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae; Skjuve, Marita; Dysthe, Kim Kristoffer & Følstad, Asbjørn (2021). When the Social Becomes Non-Human: Young People’s Perception of Social Support in Chatbots. I Kitamura, Yoshifumi (Red.), CHI '21: Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). ISSN 9781450380966. s. 1–13. doi: 10.1145/3411764.3445318. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Although social support is important for health and well-being, many young people are hesitant to reach out for support. The emerging uptake of chatbots for social and emotional purposes entails opportunities and concerns regarding non-human agents as sources of social support. To explore this, we invited 16 participants (16–21 years) to use and reflect on chatbots as sources of social support. Our participants first interacted with a chatbot for mental health (Woebot) for two weeks. Next, they participated in individual in-depth interviews. As part of the interview session, they were presented with a chatbot prototype providing information to young people. Two months later, the participants reported on their continued use of Woebot. Our findings provide in-depth knowledge about how young people may experience various types of social support—appraisal, informational, emotional, and instrumental support—from chatbots. We summarize implications for theory, practice, and future research.

Se alle arbeider i NVA

• Følstad, Asbjørn; Papadopoulos, Symeon; Araujo, Theo; Law, Effie L.-C.; Luger, Ewa & Hobert, Sebastian [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2025). Chatbots and Human-Centered AI: 8th International Workshop, CONVERSATIONS 2024, Thessaloniki, Greece, December 4–5, 2024, Revised Selected Papers. Springer Nature. ISBN 9783031880452. 262 s. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-88045-2. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Følstad, Asbjørn; Araujo, Theo; Papadopoulos, Symeon; Law, Effie L.-C.; Luger, Ewa & Goodwin, Morten [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2024). Chatbot Research and Design: 7th International Workshop, CONVERSATIONS 2023, Oslo, Norway, November 22–23, 2023, Revised Selected Papers. Springer. ISBN 9783031549755. 221 s. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Følstad, Asbjørn; Araujo, Theo; Papadopoulos, Symeon; Law, Effie L.-C.; Luger, Ewa & Goodwin, Morten [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). Chatbot Research and Design: 6th International Workshop, CONVERSATIONS 2022, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, November 22–23, 2022, Revised Selected Papers. Springer. ISBN 9783031255816. 211 s. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Følstad, Asbjørn; Araujo, Theo; Papadopoulos, Symeon; Law, Effie L.-C.; Luger, Ewa & Goodwin, Morten [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Chatbot Research and Design: 5th International Workshop, CONVERSATIONS 2021, Virtual Event, November 23–24, 2021, Revised Selected Papers. Springer Nature. ISBN 9783030948894. 209 s. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

Se alle arbeider i NVA

• Kunst, Jonas R. & Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2026). Aldersgrensen som glemte chatboten. doi: https:/www.morgenbladet.no/ideer/aldersgrensen-som-glemte-chatboten/10410149. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzaeg, Petter Bae; skjuve, Marita & Følstad, Asbjørn (2026). AI Individualism: What Are Social Relationships in the Age of Artificial Intelligence? Communications of the ACM. ISSN 0001-0782. 69(4), s. 45–48. doi: 10.1145/3766910. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Seeking a hybrid social design approach that blends human and AI relationships in socially responsible ways.

• Alvestad, Silje Susanne; Poldvere, Nele; Følstad, Asbjørn & Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2025). Human - chatbot interaction: The case of disinformation in Large Language Models. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Alvestad, Silje Susanne; Poldvere, Nele; Følstad, Asbjørn & Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2025). Fakespeak in the age of LLMs: Persuasion in AI-generated versus human-authored propaganda. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Alvestad, Silje Susanne; Poldvere, Nele; Følstad, Asbjørn; Kibisova, Elizaveta; Uddin, Md Zia & Thomas, Aleena [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2025). Interdisciplinary research projects on fake news: Experiences from Fakespeak and NxtGenFake. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Alvestad, Silje Susanne; Poldvere, Nele; Kibisova, Elizaveta; Følstad, Asbjørn; Uddin, Md Zia & Thomas, Aleena [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2025). Falske nyheter - reelle trusler: Falske nyheter og (andre former for) desinformasjon i de store språkmodellenes tidsalder. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Alvestad, Silje Susanne; Poldvere, Nele; Kibisova, Elizaveta; Følstad, Asbjørn; Thomas, Aleena & Uddin, Md Zia [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2025). Falske nyheter - reelle trusler: Resultater og erfaringer fra Fakespeak og NxtGenFake. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Alvestad, Silje Susanne; Poldvere, Nele; Brandtzæg, Petter Bae & Følstad, Asbjørn (2025). Trust in the digital society: Perspectives from linguistics-driven interdisciplinary research projects. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2025). Como a inteligência artificial já influencia nosso pensamento crítico. [Internet]. Olhar Digital. doi: https:/olhardigital.com.br/2025/11/18/internet-e-redes-sociais/como-a-inteligencia-artificial-ja-influencia-nosso-pensamento-critico-alertam-pesquisadores/. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  A IA já influencia decisões, relações e pensamento crítico, criando dependência e concentrando poder interpretativo nas grandes empresas de tecnologia

• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae & Edvardsen, Kristoffer (2025). Ny KI-funksjon skaper reaksjoner: – En drøm av et verktøy for en psykopat. [Internet]. NRK Vestfold og Telemark. doi: https:/www.nrk.no/vestfoldogtelemark/snapchat-sin-nye-ai-funksjon-far-eksperter-til-a-reagere-1.17638955. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Snapchat har lansert KI-verktøyet «Imagine». Ekspertene frykter trakassering og mobbing.

• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae & Svarstad, Jørgen (2025). Tidsskriftet klarte ikke å finne fagfeller: — Systemet er ødelagt. [Internet]. Khrono.no. doi: https:/www.khrono.no/tidsskriftet-klarte-ikke-a-finne-fagfeller-systemet-er-odelagt/1000365. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  To ganger i år har professor Petter Bae Brandtzæg opplevd at tidsskrift ikke klarte å skaffe fagfeller til å vurdere artiklene hans. Av 79 spurte personer, var et bare én som takket ja.

• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae & Riiser, Deborah (2025). Slik slipper jødehat gjennom på sosiale medier. [Journal]. Vårt Land. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae & Skjelvik, Sondre (2025). ChatGPT: «Du liker kaffe, stem Arbeiderpartiet». [Internet]. NRK Nordland. doi: https:/www.nrk.no/nordland/hva-skal-jeg-stemme_-vi-spurte-chatgpt_-som-mener-du-skal-stemme-arbeiderpartiet-hvis-du-liker-kaffe-1.17525686. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Flere og flere får hjelp av KI til enkle valg i hverdagen. Men bør du la KI hjelpe deg med høstens kanskje viktigste valg, stortingsvalget?

• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae & Wennemo, Andrine Sverdrup (2025). Det startet med å stille et spørsmål i jobben. Nå føler hun seg avhengig. [Internet]. fvn.no. doi: https:/www.fvn.no/aktuelt/i/alR83L/vi-overlater-i-stoerre-grad-vaar-egen-doemmekraft-til-maskinene-sier-petter-bae-brandtzaeg-som-forsker-paa-ki. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2025). Slik identifiserer du falsk informasjon om krigen. [Journal]. Dagsavisen. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2025). Disse politikerne er virkelig falske. [Journal]. Klassekampen. doi: https:/www.kommunal-rapport.no/meninger/tre-grep-ma-til-for-a-sikre-baerekraft-og-kvalitet-i-helse-og-omsorg/814949. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2025). National research centre to strengthen responsible AI use. [Journal]. University Old News. doi: https:/www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=20250520183227783. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2025). Sverre boikotter amerikanske tjenester. [Journal]. Dagsavisen. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae & Kongsnes, Arne (2025). Medieprofessor mener Norge er blitt mindre polarisert etter Trumps maktovertakelse. [Internet]. Samtiden.no. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae & Kongsnes, Arne (2025). Medieprofessor: Facebook vil fortsette å dominere. [Internet]. Dagens perspektiv. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2025). Nei, elever med chatboter lærer ikke mer! [Internet]. Aftenposten.no. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2025). Stresset nyhetsunnviker? Tiktok-formatet har skylden (kronikk). [Internet]. Aftenposten.no. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae; Følstad, Asbjørn & skjuve, Marita (2025). Hvem gir unge «best» svar om mental helse: KI eller fagfolk? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae & Knutsen, Kristin (2025). På Tiktok snakkes det om "søte vintersko" for å unngå Trump. [Journal]. Aftenposten. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae & Størksen, Mia Christin S. (2025). Dr. Wasim Zahid misbrukt i reklame: - Utrolig fortvilende. [Internet]. Aftenposten.no. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae & Sæther, Noa Cecilie (2025). Konsentrasjonsvansker og lite tålmodighet: – Et samfunnsproblem. [Internet]. Dagsavisen.no. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2025). Hvor går grensen for bruk av digitale bevis i mediene og rettsvesenet? (Kronikk). Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2025). Når drapsvåpen kan printes ut i stua (Kronikk). Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2024). Emerging AI Individualism: How Young People Integrate Social AI into Their Lives. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Følstad, Asbjørn; Araujo, Theo; Papadopoulos, Symeon; Law, Effie L.-C.; Luger, Ewa & Goodwin, Morten [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2024). Preface. I Følstad, Asbjørn; Araujo, Theo; Papadopoulos, Symeon; Law, Effie L.-C.; Luger, Ewa; Goodwin, Morten; Hobert, Sebastian & Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (Red.), Chatbot Research and Design: 7th International Workshop, CONVERSATIONS 2023, Oslo, Norway, November 22–23, 2023, Revised Selected Papers. Springer. ISSN 9783031549755. s. v–vii. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-54975-5. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2024). Keynote speech. Towards AI Individualism: How Artificial Intelligence is Changing Sociality and Free Speech. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae & Egedius, Tonje (2024). Falske bilder av Ole Torp spres på nett. Han tror noen i utlandet står bak. [Internet]. Aftenposten pluss. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae & skjuve, Marita (2024). Fordomsfullt om KI-kjærester. [Internet]. Aftenposten.no. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Debattinnlegg

• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2024). Kunstig intelligens i Pensjonistuniversitetet. [Journal]. Gjøvik Blad. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Også publ. i Oppland Arbeiderblad 29.03.2024

• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2024). Oslo-skolen bør kaste ut ChatGPT! [Internet]. Aftenposten.no. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Debattinnlegg

• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2024). Kort sagt. [Internet]. Aftenposten. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Også i Aftenposten pluss

• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2024). My AI Friend: The Future of Friendship and Social Relationships. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Petter Bae Brandtzaeg, Professor in Media Innovation, University of Oslo My AI Friend:The Future of Friendship and Social Relationships With machines and software becoming part of our social capital, new models of relationships emerge – and also new challenges

• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae & Lindgren, Lena (2024). Et historisk menneskerov. [Journal]. Morgenbladet. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2024). Striden om SoMe-aldersgrensen fortsetter. [Journal]. Dagsavisen pluss. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2024). Advarer mot utseendetrend blant menn: - Dypt bekymringsfullt. [Internet]. Drammens Tidende pluss. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2024). Frogn U3A 22.10 2024 kl. 1100 i Smia flerbrukshus. [Journal]. Akershus Amtstidende. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Avisnotis

• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2024). Utdatert estimat om framtidig KI-generert innhold. [Internet]. Faktisk.no. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2024). Wear This AI Friend Around Your Neck. [Journal]. WIRED. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2024). Robot kan gi Google rusk i søkemotoren. [Journal]. Klassekampen. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2024). KI-generert video av Kamala Harris spres: - Øker i omfang. [Internet]. Tv2/nyheter. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2023). En titt i krystallkulen: hva vil framtiden bringe? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae & Rettberg, Jill Walker (2023). Vil kunstig intelligens stjele kommunikatørenes jobb. [Radio]. Kommunikasjonspodden. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Alle snakker om kunstig intelligens for tiden, men hvordan vil den forandre kommunikasjonsbransjen? Og hvilke muligheter og trusler ligger foran oss? Vi har snakket med Petter Bae Brandtzæg, professor i medieinnovasjon ved UiO og sjefsforsker ved Sintef digital, og Jill Walker Rettberg, professor i digital kultur ved UiB.

• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2023). Er sosiale medier døende, mens de intelligente maskinene er blitt mer levende? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  At sosiale medier er døende er blitt hevdet i snart et 10 år, men stemmer dette? Sosiale medier er ikke døende. De er fortsatt veldig relevante for folk i dag. Imidlertid kan det hende at noen av de mest populære sosiale nettstedene ikke er like populære som de en gang var. Men hva er egentlig sosiale medier i dag, og hvordan vil fremtiden se ut? Ny utvikling innen kunstig intelligens har endret sosiale medier radikalt på kort tid, og på måter som mange ikke kunne forutse. Nye algoritmer og maskinlæringsteknologier har gjort det mulig for sosiale medier å forutsi og forandre brukernes atferd, og dette har hatt konsekvenser for den måten vi forbinder med hverandre og opprettholder våre relasjoner. En av de mest merkbare endringene er den økte bruken av persontilpassede anbefalingsalgoritmer. Disse algoritmene tar i bruk brukerdata for å lære hva brukerne liker og ikke liker, og bruker denne kunnskapen til å tilpasse innholdet de ser. Dette har ført til at vi i stadig større grad blir eksponert for innhold som bekrefter våre egne meninger og forforståelse, noe som kan ha negative konsekvenser. En sentral annen utvikling på sosiale medier, som er lite utforsket utover såkalte «deep fakes», er hvordan kunstig intelligens skaper innhold og ytringer på nettet, ofte uten innblanding fra mennesker. En rapport fra Europol (2022) for EU anslår at 90 prosent av innholdet på nett vil være generert av kunstig intelligente maskiner innen 2026. Hvilke konsekvenser dette vil få er uvisst. Det er derfor et stort behov for å forstå de sosiale implikasjonene maskingenerert innhold og ytringer i et demokrati- og ytringsperspektiv.

• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2023). Kunstig intelligens er en fundamental samfunnsutfordring. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2023). My AI best friend tried to seduce me so we had to break up. [Internet]. INews. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2023). Immer mehr Menschen führen Beziehungen mit Chatbots. Ist das Liebe? Und ist das ein Problem? [Journal]. The Neue Zürcher Zeitung . Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2023). AI as Your BFF? A New Wave of Chatbots Want to Get Personal With You. [Internet]. CNET. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2023). AI-enabled chatbots, the new therapists... But can they replace humans? [Internet]. The Free Press Journal. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2023). Buddying Up to AI (interview). [Journal]. Communications of the ACM. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2023). Kritisk og selvstendig tenking med ChatGPT. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2023). Generative AI and the future of work (KeyNote). Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2023). Generativ AI og ChatGPT – utfordringer og muligheter for mediebransjen. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2023). Kunstig intelligens og falske nyheter: Fremtidige konsekvenser. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2023). Sosiale medier og kunstig intelligens i demokratiets varetekt. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2023). Kunstig intelligens som hjelper til bedre mental helse? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Faa, Alvilde; Røli, Olav; Brandtzæg, Petter Bae & Goodwin, Morten (2023). Disse partiene ble unge velgere rådet til å stemme på – mener demokratiet mister kontroll. [Journal]. NRK Vestland. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2023). AI og kulturen. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2023). Når teknologien blir en partner. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2023). Kan kunstig intelligens redde de unge? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2023). Kunstig intelligens og ytringsfrihet. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2023). L’amitié artificielle, nouvelle frontière de l’intelligence artificielle. [Journal]. Le Monde. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2023). – En fæl sjargong blant de unge på TikTok. [TV]. Tv2 Nyheter. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2023). AI as Your BFF? The Latest Chatbots Want to Get Personal With You. [Internet]. msn.com. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2023). Herman (24) turte endelig å dra på date. Så gikk alt galt. [Internet]. Glomdalen.no. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Også publisert i: Telemarksavisa pluss, ta.no, Romerikets blad pluss

• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2023). L’IA, votre meilleure amie? Une nouvelle vague de chatbots veut se rapprocher de vous. [Internet]. infohightech.com. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2023). Slik kan kunstig intelligens lure og forstyrre inntrykkene våre. [Journal]. Psykologisk.no. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2023). Jakten på det autentiske. [Journal]. Aftenposten. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2023). Chatboten ble humørsyk, men skaperne vet ikke hvorfor. [Internet]. Aftenposten +. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Også publisert i Bergens Tidende

• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae & Skaftå, Håkon Andre (2023). Vil kunstig intelligens stjele kommunikatørens jobb? [Internet]. Kommunikasjon.no. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2023). Ghosting: - Det verste etterpå var grublingen. [Internet]. Nettavisen. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Også publisert i Romerikes blad pluss, Nidaros Plus, Oppland Arbeiderblad

• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae & Sillesen, Merete (2023). "Hva skal du i helga?" spurte han før han forduftet. [Internet]. kk.no. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2023). – Når det bare er deg og samtaleroboten føles det trygt – som et sted hvor du kan dele alt. [Internet]. Switch.no. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2023). Hvor sterk er troen på vår egen frie vilje? [Internet]. Psykologisk.no Pluss. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2023). Twitter kan miste 30 millioner brukere de neste to årene. [Journal]. Aftenposten. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Også publisert på Aftenpostens papirutgave

• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2023). Går hardt ut mot norske mediers Tiktok-satsing: - Ikke veldig klokt. [Internet]. Kampanje.com. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2023). Datatilsynet bekymret for Elon Musks app-planer: - Et personvernmareritt. [Internet]. Kampanje.com. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2023). Når vi vurderer å dele en nyhetssak, blir vi dårligere til å sjekke om den er sann. [Internet]. Forskning.no. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2023). Chatboten Bing ble manipulerende, besatt, forelsket og sjalu. [Journal]. Aftenposten, Bergens Tidene med mer. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2023). ‘I learned to love the bot’: meet the chatbots that want to be your best friend. [Journal]. The Observer. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2022). Deler om livet med sjeldan hudtilstand: – Eg har alltid halde det skjult. [Internet]. Framtida.no. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Også publisert i ABC Nyheter 01.10.2022

• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2022). Friskmelder for raskt. [Journal]. Klassekampen papirutgave. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae; Aasmundsen, Jakob Semb & Støyva, Andreas Brattåker (2022). Sosiale medier la til rette for stormingen av Kongressen. [Journal]. Aftenposten. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2022). Slik kan hans Twitter bli. [Journal]. Aftenposten papirutgave. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Også publisert i Bergens Tidende +: https://www.bt.no/article/bt-veg54l.html?mon_ref=retriever-info.com

• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2022). Tiktoks eierskap og databehandling skaper bekymring. [Journal]. Aftenposten papirutgave. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2022). Medie­professor: — Kunstig intelligens vil ta jobben frå mange forskarar. [Internet]. Khrono.no. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2022). Fake news som teknologi. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2022). Mener vi snart må ta i bruk roboter for å hjelpe unge som sliter. [Journal]. NRK. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2022). Tror nettroll-miljø kan stå bak TikTok-hat. [Journal]. VG. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2022). Resett ble verken relevante, tydelige eller gode nok. Kommentar i Medier24. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2022). Ytringsfrihetskommisjonen burde ha diskutert de teknologiske endringene vi står i. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2022). Er ytringsfrihetens kår egentlig så gode i Norge? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae & Benjaminsen, Christina (2022). Finner depresjonstegn hos unge via nettet. [Internet]. Digi.no. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae & Uddin, Zia (2022). Bruker kunstig intelligens for å finne tegn til depresjon hos unge. [Journal]. Dagens Medisin. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Også publisert i: Avisa Møre, Gemini

• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae & Solberg, Trine (2022). Skal barnet få være på sosiale medier? Dette sier ekspertene. [Journal]. Moss Avis. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Også publisert i Nettavisen +

• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2022). NRK måtte slette 1700 TikTok-kommentarer. [Journal]. VG : Verdens gang. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2022). Etterlyser diskusjon om kunstig intelligens og algoritmer. [Journal]. Aftenposten. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2022). Internettet: Den skjulte influenseren. [Internet]. Psykologisk.no +. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae & Vollan, Mari Brenna (2022). Må renske vekk innhold. [Journal]. Klassekampen.no +. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2022). Falske nyheter og deep fakes - nå og i fremtiden. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2022). Vaksineskepsis og fake news. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2022). Ny studie antyder at innflytelsesrike Twitter-brukere kan bekjempe konsiprasjonsteorier. [Internet]. Forskning.no. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2022). Slik avslører du falske profiler. [Journal]. Aftenposten. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2021). Flere unge sliter: — Har ført til mye usikkerhet. [Internet]. Khrono. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2021). Om ti år har du en robot som venn. Vårt land. ISSN 0805-5424. s. 10–11. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  De har en personlighet. De fremstår med egne meninger. De kan komme til å kjenne oss bedre enn oss selv. Om få år kan vi alle ha en robot-venn.

• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2021). Utviklere mangler etiske regler: - Ser ikke konsekvensene av koden sin. [Journal]. Kode24. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2021). Rykte om koronasmittede på kjøpesenter spres i sosiale medier: - Veldig trist. [Internet]. Adressa. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae & Bjørkeng, Per Kristian (2021). – Facebooks egne eksperter tviler på at det er mulig å rydde vekk uønsket innhold. [Journal]. Bergens Tidende. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Papirutgaven

• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae & Vaaland, Mattis (2021). Utviklere mangler etiske regler: - Ser ikke konsekvensene av koden sin. [Internet]. kode24.no. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae & Bjørkeng, Per Kristian (2021). Facebook fjerner bare 3-5 prosent av hatpratet. [Journal]. Aftenposten. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Papirutgaven

• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2021). Valgpåvirkning på digitale flater. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bergsjø, Leonora Onarheim & Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2021). Nettbruk blant unge under pandemien. [Internet]. Spotify, Itunes. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2021). Algoritmer og allmennkringkastingens rolle. Eller….hvordan slippe unna intelligente maskiner? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2021). Big Tech tyranniet som målbinder egen president kan få ubehagelige konsekvenser. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2021). Hvordan benyttes persondata og algoritmer til å påvirke vår atferd? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2021). Algoritmene er her - Når offentligheten og du styres av intelligente maskiner! Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Krogstie, John; Storsul, Tanja; Frigessi, Arnoldo; Lyngstad, Cathrine Pihl; Andreassen, Eirik & Martinkenaite, Ieva [Vis alle 13 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). Overordnede tiltak - Andre notat fra rådgivende ekspertgruppe for KI-satsingen. Norges forskningsråd. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Storsul, Tanja; Rettberg, Jill Walker; Brandtzæg, Petter Bae; Frigessi, Arnoldo; Strumke, Inga & Mahler, Tobias [Vis alle 12 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). 1. notat fra rådgivende ekspertgruppe for KI-satsingen: Nåsituasjon og forventninger. Forskningsrådet. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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